Water with Low Concentration of Surfactant in Dispersed Solvent-Assisted Emulsion Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Fungicides in Wine

Abstract

A sample preparation method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction assisted by an emulsion with low concentration of a surfactant in water and dispersed solvent coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was developed for the analysis of the fungicides cyprodinil, procymidone, fludioxonil, flusilazole, benalaxyl, and tebuconazole in wine. A microsyringe was used to withdraw and discharge a mixture of extraction solvent and 240 μL of an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (the dispersed agent) four times within 10 s to form a cloudy emulsion in the syringe. This emulsion was then injected into a 5 mL wine sample spiked with all of the above fungicides. The total extraction time was approximately 0.5 min. Under optimum conditions using 1-octanol (12 μL) as extraction solvent, the linear range of the method in analysis of all six fungicides was 0.05-100 μg L(-1), and the limit of detection ranged from 0.013 to 0.155 μg L(-1). The absolute recoveries (n = 3) and relative recoveries (n = 3) were 30-83 and 81-108% for white wine at 0.5, 5, and 5 μg L(-1), and 30-92 and 81-110% for red wine, respectively. The intraday (n = 7) and interday (n = 6) relative standard deviations ranged from 4.4 to 8.8% and from 4.3 to 11.2% at 0.5 μg L(-1), respectively. The method achieved high enrichment factors. It is an alternative sample preparation technique with good performance.

Structural elucidation and estimation of the acute toxicity of the major UV–visible photoproduct of fludioxonil – detection in both skin and flesh samples of grape

“…[1] The very low concentrations found in the environmental samples are forcing the development of sample treatment or targeted detection methods. [2,3] Simal Gandara and coworkers have paid particular attention to fungicides analysis in grape, wines and vineyard soils. [4][5][6][7][8][9] For a more in-depth study of fungicide fate in the environment, it is necessary to establish strategies to identify transformation products that invariably appear after use.…”

“…In grapes for example, the maximum residue levels for fungicide are set between 0.05 and 1.00 mg kg −1 by the European Union . The very low concentrations found in the environmental samples are forcing the development of sample treatment or targeted detection methods . Simal Gandara and coworkers have paid particular attention to fungicides analysis in grape, wines and vineyard soils .…”

Supramolecular Fluorescence Probe Based on Twisted Cucurbit[14]uril for Sensing Fungicide Flusilazole

“…The most common analytical method used for the trace determination of triazoles, particularly flusilazole residues in water, is chromatography e.g., liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (García-Valcárcel and Tadeo, 2011; Fu et al, 2017), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet light, diode-array detection (DAD), photodiode-array (PDA) detection (Bordagaray et al, 2013, 2014; Qi et al, 2014; Ma et al, 2016; Zhang Y. H. et al, 2016), gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorous detection (NPD) or electron capture detection (ECD) (Lozowicka et al, 2015; Im et al, 2016), and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Tseng et al, 2014; Chu et al, 2015), and with tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) (Xu et al, 2013). Nevertheless, these chromatographic techniques necessitate experienced workers, costly devices, and lengthy specimen preparation.…”

Miniscale Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled with Full Evaporation Dynamic Headspace Extraction for the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with 4000-to-14 000-fold Enrichment

“…In the conventional DLLME technique, chlorinated solvents are used, which are relatively more toxic than their nonchlorinated counterparts . In response, there has been much attention being paid recently to the use of greener, nonhalogenated solvents in this procedure such as 1-octanol, , n -hexanol, n -hexane, or toluene. , Nonetheless, in both kinds of DLLME, an additional amount of solvents such as acetonitrile or acetone are required for dispersion, and not all of the extract from DLLME can be retrieved and injected for analysis, leading to a potential loss in sensitivity.…”