Waterborne and sediment toxicity of fluoxetine to select organisms

Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

“…C. vulgaris was shown to be the least sensitive species for all SSRIs tested [183]. On the contrary, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was the most sensitive species mainly regarding fluoxetine with a reported EC50 of 24 µg L −1 after 48 h [177,184] or 45 µg L −1 when the exposure time was increased to 96 h [183]. Cell deformities in these green algae were noticed with just 13.6 µg L −1 of fluoxetine.…”

“…Higher concentrations of fluoxetine were tested (e.g. 223 µg L −1 ) and proven to exert the opposite effect [184] in a similar way to that observed for sertraline, exhibiting an EC50 of 0.066 mg L −1 and a LOEC of 0.1 mg L −1 [182]. A multi-generational study was performed by exposing D. magna and their newborns to fluoxetine [33].…”

“…On the other hand, for paroxetine, D. magna showed an EC50 of 2.5 mg L −1 [185]. Regarding the invertebrates, fluoxetine may cause a stimu-lation of reproduction as is the case of C. dubia when exposed to 56 µg L −1 of this pharmaceutical [184]. This same effect was also found for D. magna after 30 days of exposure to a concentration of 36 µg L −1 [116] which resulted in an increase in total number of offspring produced.…”

“…Tests performed on the invertebrates C. dubia, D. magna and on fathead minnow fish showed LC50 values of 234, 820 and 705 µg L −1 respectively, after 48 h of exposure to fluoxetine [184]. On the other hand, for paroxetine, D. magna showed an EC50 of 2.5 mg L −1 [185].…”

“…For the former an EC50 of 0.6 mg L −1 after 24 h was obtained and with D. magna corresponding EC50 values were 3.1 and 1.3 mg L −1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively [182]. Nematoceran flies Chirono-mus tentans and hydras H. azteca were exposed to fluoxetine by sediments, showing growth inhibition with LOECs of 1.3 and 5.6 mg kg −1 respectively [184]. However, hydras reproduction was stimulated for all concentrations tested (1.4-22.4 mg kg −1 ) as well as blackworms Lumbriculus variegatus when exposed to 0.94 and 2.34 mg kg −1 of fluoxetine [179].…”