Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water — United States, 2013-2014

McClung, R. Paul; Roth, David M.; Vigar, Marissa; Roberts, Virginia A.; Kahler, Amy M.; Cooley, Laura A.; Hilborn, Elizabeth D.; Wade, Timothy J.; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Hill, Vincent R.

doi:10.1111/ajt.14607

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Another outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in Italy was associated with improper drinking water system caused by an old chlorination device and close proximity to suspected illegal sewage dumping (Giammanco et al, 2018). In another recent study conducted by McClung et al (2018), outbreaks associated with environmental as well as undetermined exposures to water were studied. They detected that legionella and Giardia were primary involved in human-made system and natural water system, respectively and have suggested a water management program on controlling legionella in human-made system and proper treatment processes must be applied to the raw water to prevent Giardia.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Waterborne Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Motlagh

Yang

2019

Water Environment Research

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This review paper focuses on detection and quantification techniques of indicator organisms that can be used for water quality assessment. The environmental pathogens that are critical to understand and better evaluate water quality are also discussed in this paper. Several recent studies using culture-independent methods such as microbial source tracking, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA, and next generation sequencing to assess various environmental samples and water bodies have been reviewed.

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Section: Occurrence Of Waterborne Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Motlagh

Yang

2019

Water Environment Research

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“…Fecal pollution has become more widespread due to population growth and climate change, and this is correlated with increases in waterborne disease (Levy, Woster, Goldstein, & Carlton, ). Recreational water is the second most common source of waterborne disease outbreaks worldwide, after contaminated drinking water (McClung et al, ). Degradation of freshwater quality also significantly reduces human recreational opportunities and results in economic loss (e.g., decreased tourism and reduced fishing activity.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational water monitoring: Nanofluidic qRT‐PCR chip for assessing beach water safety

2019

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Improved recreational water monitoring using rapid molecular genetic methods would decrease both public health risks and unnecessary beach closures. Hence, we developed a novel nanofluidic quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in the OpenArray platform to (a) detect and quantify fecal indicator bacteria (FIBs; N = 2), (b) identify contaminant sources (microbial source tracking (MST); N = 7), and (c) detect human virulent pathogens (virulence gene markers; N = 15). Our water monitoring OpenArray plate reliably detects as few as two template copies/hole (OpenArray® well), with some marker sensitivities as low as single‐copy detection. The OpenArray plate showed high target sequence specificity and returned expected patterns of contaminants for fecal and sewage samples. We found Canada geese and seagulls were the leading causes of contamination at beaches that tested positive for coliforms. When we incorporated robotic DNA extraction, we were able to process samples from water to FIBs, MST, and waterborne pathogen detection and quantification within four hours. Our monitoring TaqMan qPCR assays in the OpenArray platform is uniquely valuable for regulatory agencies charged with beach water safety as well as for researchers interested in human health implications of aquatic microbial community structure.

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“…The potential of drinking water to transport microbial pathogens to a greater number of people, causing subsequent illness, is well documented in countries at all levels of economic development [5, 6]. Furthermore, the availability of safe drinking water is an indispensible feature for preventing epidemic disease and improving the quality of life [7, 8]. According to the World Health Organization, 80% of all diseases are attributed to unsafe water [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Multidrug-ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources

Odonkor

Addo

2018

International Journal of Microbiology

109

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The control of infectious diseases is badly endangered by the rise in the number of microorganisms that are resistant to antimicrobial agents. This is because infections caused by resistant microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are also present in various water sources. This study therefore sought to document the microbiological quality and antibiograms of bacterial isolates (E. coli strains) from six different water sources in order to determine their safety for human consumption and to provide updated antibiotic data for pragmatic treatment of patients. Bacteria isolation and identification was done using API and conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer method. Results obtained indicated that all the water sources tested were of poor quality. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus spp., Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio cholera, Shigella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli was 49.48%. E. coli isolates showed high resistance patterns to the tested antibiotics. They were most resistant to penicillin (32.99%), cefuroxime (28.87%), erythromycin (23.71%), and tetracycline (21.45%). In contrast, they were susceptible to nitrofurantoin (93.8%), cefotaxime and amikacin (91.75%), gentamicin (90.7%), nalidixic acid (89.65%), ciprofloxacin (74.2%), chloramphenicol (69.07%), pipemidic acid (65.97%), and cefuroxime (52.58%). Sixty-three percent (63%) of the multidrug-resistant E. coli strains recorded a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value >0.2. The susceptible antibiotics, especially the nitrofurantoin, are hence recommended in the practical treatment of waterborne bacterial diseases.

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Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with environmental and undetermined exposures to water — United States, 2013-2014

Abstract: This article describe outbreaks of infections, including legionella and giardia, linked to environmental exposure to water, such as aerosol spread from cooling towers, industrial or agricultural processes, decorative displays, and consumption of water from natural sources.

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Recreational water monitoring: Nanofluidic qRT‐PCR chip for assessing beach water safety

Prevalence of Multidrug-ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources

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