Waterfowl Mortality in the Coeur D'alene River Valley, Idaho

Chupp, Norman R.; Dalke, Paul D.

doi:10.2307/3798784

Cited by 56 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…However, the results of the present study indicated that, where toxic concentrations of Zn are available to ducks, diet cannot be expected to allay the effects of Zn intoxication. There is increasing concern about anthropogenic sources of Zn, and highly elevated Zn concentrations have been documented in areas frequented by ducks (e.g., Coeur D'Alene River, Chupp and Dalke, 1964;Illinois River, Cahill and Steele, 1986;Cahill et al, 1995). Future research efforts should address the bioavailability and effects of environmental concentrations of Zn to ducks and other waterbirds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zinc (Zn)-coated Fe pellets are currently approved for waterfowl hunting in the United States, and pellets comprised primarily of Zn are currently, or were until recently, used for waterfowl hunting and other shooting applications in some European countries. Waterfowl also may be exposed to elevated Zn concentrations through ingestion of contaminated vegetation (Chupp and Dalke, 1964) and sediments (Chupp and Dalke, 1964;Beyer et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Diet on the Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Zinc-Intoxicated Mallards

Levengood

Sanderson

Anderson

et al. 2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Changes in hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in female zinc (Zn)-dosed farm-raised mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed four different diets were examined. Sixty ducks received an average dose of 0.97 g of Zn in the form of eight, 3.30-mm diameter shot pellets containing 98% Zn and 2% tin, and another 60 ducks were sham-dosed as controls. Fifteen ducks from each of the two dosing groups were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: corn only, corn with soil, commercial duck ration only, or commercial duck ration with soil. Shot-pellet dissolution rates ranged from 7 mg/Zn/day to 27 mg/Zn/day. Regardless of diet, the Zn dose resulted in mortality; incoordination; paralysis and anorexia; decreased body, liver, pancreas, gonad, and gizzard weight; increased kidney weight; and macroscopic lesions. Zn-dosed ducks had a lower mean erythrocyte packed cell volume (PCV), higher mean reticulocyte count, and a greater number of individuals with immature and/or abnormal erythrocytes, than did control mallards. Mean total leucocyte counts were higher in Zn-dosed ducks than in controls. Zn-dosed ducks that had soil available had higher leucocyte counts than those without soil. Zn-dosed ducks were characterized by a marked heterophilia and relative lymphopenia. In Zn-dosed ducks, the mean lymphocyte count was highest in those provided a commercial duck ration, and lowest in those fed corn. In control ducks, the mean lymphocyte count was highest in ducks fed corn, and lowest in those provided soil along with a commercial duck ration. Zn-dosed mallards had higher serum aspartate aminotransferase and amylase levels, and lower alkaline phosphatase activities than control ducks. Serum phosphorus and uric acid concentrations were higher, and calcium, glucose, and total protein levels lower, in Zn-dosed ducks than in control ducks. Diet did affect serum calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and uric acid concentrations. Differences in erythrocyte and leucocyte parameters, serum enzyme activities, and metabolite concentrations were associated with dose and diet effects. Diets high in protein and other organic matter and calcium and phosphorus did not prevent or substantially alleviate Zn toxicosis in farm-raised mallard ducks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Diet on the Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Zinc-Intoxicated Mallards

Levengood

Sanderson

Anderson

et al. 2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…These tailings were washed downstream into the lower Coeur d'Alene River and lake system [2,3]. Previous studies have documented avian exposure to heavy metals in this area, mainly in waterfowl [4][5][6][7] but also in raptors [8,9] and some passerines [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead exposure in passerines inhabiting lead‐contaminated floodplains in the Coeur D'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA

Johnson

Audet

Kern

et al. 1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Blood collected from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) captured with mist nets in a lead-contaminated (assessment) area and nearby uncontaminated (reference) areas within the Coeur d'Alene Basin in northern Idaho was analyzed for ␦-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD) and hematocrit levels, and livers were analyzed for lead. Mean ALAD inhibition in the assessment area was 51% in song sparrows and 75% in American robins. The proportion of the sampled population with ALAD inhibition Ͼ50% was calculated to be 43% for song sparrows and 83% for American robins. Assessment area hematocrit values for song sparrows (x ϭ 39.9) and American robins (x ϭ 39.5) were lower than in reference areas (x ϭ 42.4 for song sparrows and 40.2 for American robins); however, differences were not statistically significant (p Ͼ 0.05). Significantly higher levels of lead (wet weight) were found in livers from song sparrows captured on the assessment area (x ϭ 1.93 ppm) than on reference areas (x ϭ 0.10 ppm) (p ϭ 0.0079). Study results indicate that 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 12.9-77.5%) of the song sparrows and 83% (95% CI ϭ 41.8-99.2%) of the American robins inhabiting the floodplain along the Coeur d'Alene River in the assessment area are being exposed to lead at levels sufficient to inhibit ALAD by Ͼ 50%. Variability in lead exposure indicators was attributed to high variability in environmental lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin.

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“…Mean blood lead concentrations of 5 to 6.2 μg/g on a wet-weight basis, liver lead of 20 to 23 μg/g, and kidney lead of 32 to 56 μg/g occurred for the mallards receiving unamended sediments and were similar to ones reported for waterfowl feeding at contaminated sites along the CDARB. For example, the livers of 5 tundra swans from a CDARB die-off in 1955 contained from 18 to 37 μg/g lead on a wet-weight basis (Chupp & Dalke, 1964), livers of 13 dead swans in 1974 contained 7 to 43 μg/g lead (Benson et al, 1976), and livers of 32 dead swans from 1987 to 1989 contained from 6 to 40 μg/g lead (Blus et al, 1991). Blood from 4 moribund swans from the 1987-1989 collection contained from 1.3 to 9.6 μg/g lead.…”

Section: Renal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waterfowl in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (CDARB) of Idaho have been dying from lead poisoning since the early 1900s as a consequence of many decades of mining and smelting operations (Chupp & Dalke, 1964;Benson et al, 1976;Blus et al, 1991Blus et al, , 1995. Species affected have included mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Amendment Reduces Hepatic and Renal Oxidative Stress in Mallards Ingesting Lead-Contaminated Sediments

Hoffman

Heinz

Audet

2006

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Lead poisoning of waterfowl has been reported for decades in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (CDARB) in Idaho as a result of the ingestion of lead-contaminated sediments. This study was conducted to determine whether the addition of phosphoric acid to CDARB sediments would reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of lead to the liver and kidney of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallards received diets containing 12% clean sediment (controls) or 12% sediment from three different CDARB sites containing 4520, 5390, or 6990 microg/g lead (dry weight) with or without phosphoric acid amendment. Liver and kidney lead concentrations were significantly higher in all CDARB treatment groups and ranged from geometric mean values of 18.2 (liver) and 28.7 (kidney) for the first 2 sites to 22.5 (liver) and 45.6 (kidney) microg/g (wet weight) for the third site. With amendments all liver lead concentrations were reduced 36 to 55%, and all kidney lead concentrations were lowered 54 to 73%. Unamended CDARB sediment from the third site resulted in the following hepatic effects: over 1.6-fold elevation of liver glutathione (reduced form; GSH) concentration, higher GSH S-transferase and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reductase activities, and lower protein-bound thiols (PBSH) concentration. Renal effects included higher kidney GSH concentrations for all CDARB sites, with over 2.1-fold higher for the third site. Resulting kidney GSSG to GSH ratios were lower at two sites. At the third site, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was elevated, and lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was 1.7-fold greater. Amendment restored all hepatic variables as well as the renal variables TBARS and GGT so they did not differ from controls. Although amendments of phosphorus substantially reduced the bioavailability of lead and some of the adverse effects, lead concentrations in the tissues of mallards fed the amended sediments were still above those considered to be harmful to waterfowl under the present conditions.

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Waterfowl Mortality in the Coeur D'alene River Valley, Idaho

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Diet on the Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Zinc-Intoxicated Mallards

Influence of Diet on the Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Zinc-Intoxicated Mallards

Lead exposure in passerines inhabiting lead‐contaminated floodplains in the Coeur D'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA

Phosphorus Amendment Reduces Hepatic and Renal Oxidative Stress in Mallards Ingesting Lead-Contaminated Sediments

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