2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.052
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Waterless fracturing technologies for unconventional reservoirs-opportunities for liquid nitrogen

Abstract: During the past two decades, hydraulic fracturing has significantly improved oil and gas production from shale and tight sandstone reservoirs in the United States and elsewhere.Considering formation damage, water consumption, and environmental impacts associated with water-based fracturing fluids, efforts have been devoted to developing waterless fracturing technologies because of their potential to alleviate these issues. Herein, key theories and features of waterless fracturing technologies, including Oil-ba… Show more

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Cited by 188 publications
(58 citation statements)
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“…Fracturing power will be measured on the basis of fracture length, with deeper fractures indicating greater fracturing power. This triaxial stress test is based on a procedure established by Wang et al [8] in which injection of LN2 under triaxial stress of x: y: z = 1000: 1500: 2000 psi over two treatments produced the longest fracture length in shale samples. The three selected ULWPs have low density, allowing transport by low-viscosity fluids while maintaining the crush strength needed to increase fracture length (see Table 1); crush strength data were obtained from previous studies that tested the ability of the selected ULWPs to withstand pressure independent of combination with fluid [11,12].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Fracturing power will be measured on the basis of fracture length, with deeper fractures indicating greater fracturing power. This triaxial stress test is based on a procedure established by Wang et al [8] in which injection of LN2 under triaxial stress of x: y: z = 1000: 1500: 2000 psi over two treatments produced the longest fracture length in shale samples. The three selected ULWPs have low density, allowing transport by low-viscosity fluids while maintaining the crush strength needed to increase fracture length (see Table 1); crush strength data were obtained from previous studies that tested the ability of the selected ULWPs to withstand pressure independent of combination with fluid [11,12].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An environmentally-friendly method, fracturing with pure nitrogen eliminates the need for toxic gelling agents and treatment of flowback while preventing formation damage, which occurs when components of the fracturing fluid react with minerals found in shale rock. Additionally, nitrogen does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, unlike carbon dioxide, or risk the explosions associated with oil and alcohol-based alternatives [8]. Nitrogen is currently used in the fracturing industry as an energized fluid or foam, which combines gaseous nitrogen (GN2) with water.…”
Section: Research Protocol Open Accessmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Several waterless fracturing technologies have been introduced in oil and gas industries over the past few decades, including oil-based fracturing, N 2 fracturing, and CO 2 fracturing [18]. Oil-based fracturing was first used in Colorado, Texas, and Kansas in late 1940s [19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Furthermore, the environmental problems caused by hydraulic fracturing, such as the consumption of freshwater resources (Arthur et al 2009), groundwater contamination (Becklumb et al 2015), earthquakes (Green et al 2012), air pollution and clay expansion (Howarth et al 2011), and storage and treatment of wastewater (Becklumb et al 2015), has raised significant concerns from many scholars and governments. To meet the special requirements of shale gas exploration to reservoir according to the properties and geological environment, it is the focus of petroleum industry to improve the effect of volume fracturing and identify a substitute for the water-based fracturing fluid (Middleton et al 2015;Wang et al 2016). Therefore, many new waterless fracturing technologies, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LNG) fracturing (Lestz et al 2007), nitrogen foam fracturing (Gupta et al 1998), liquid/supercritical CO 2 fracturing (Gupta et al 1998;Middleton et al 2015), and cryogenic fracturing using LN 2 (Mcdaniel et al 1997;Grundmann et al 1998;Cheng et al 2017), have been considered by many scholars.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%