Watermarking using similarities based on fractal codification

Fast local image inpainting based on the Allen–Cahn model

“…Therefore the results suggest that the convergence rate of the computational cost is linear with respect to N is log N is . To show the effect and accuracy of our proposed method, we will compute PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) [38][39][40][41], which is commonly used to measure the quality of reconstruction of image inpainting. Here, PSNR is defined as PSNR = −10 log 10 Since the pixel values in the inpainting domain are obtained by curvature-driven diffusions and the pixel values outside the inpainting region are the same as those in the original input image, we can expect the higher PSNR obtained by our proposed method.…”

Blind digital watermarking algorithm based on DCT domain and fractal images

“…Self-reference basically means an object which appears in its own defmition implying the need for an algorithm to be called recursively in order to generate a fractal. Self-similarity basically means fractal object appearing to be same regardless of the object's degree of enlargement [8,11 ].…”

“…al. [8] proposed a digital watermarking scheme for 8-bit gray scale images based on fractal codification which is used to replace range blocks by modified blocks according to the embedding scheme of watermark bit. This scheme reduces the distortion produced by the embedded watermark in the cover image.…”

Digital Watermarking Using Fractal Coding

“…This technique uses orthogonalization fractal coding scheme where the fractal affine transform is determined by the range block mean and contrast scaling. Watermarking using similarities based on fractal codification [9] was proposed by Pedro Aaron Hernandez-Avalos et al to decrease the distortion and robustness of watermarked image. Here, K embedding regions are selected using characteristic points of image, and these are divided into overlapping and non-overlapping blocks called range and domain blocks.…”

“…Thus protection of the digital images has gained main focus of the active researchers. The protection of the digital images can be enforced through encryption and decryption, steganography or digital Watermarking [7,9]. Watermarking has appeared as a method to embed specific data as a watermark into a host media like text, image, video, and audio to identify malicious actions and authenticates ownerships.…”