Wavelength multiplexing of four-wave mixing based fiber temperature sensor with oil-filled photonic crystal fiber

Geng, Yanquan; Wang, L; Xu, Yiwen; Kumar, Ajay; Tan, Xin; Li, X

doi:10.1364/oe.26.027907

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Table 1 compares the performance of our proposed temperature sensor with those reported previously. It is clear that the FWM-based temperature sensor has a sensitivity much higher than that of [4], [14], [24,25], and is only lower than that of [26]. However, the detection range of our work is −40~60 °C, which is five times that of [26] (20~40 °C).…”

Section: (A)mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Four-wave mixing (FWM), as an intermodulation phenomenon in nonlinear optics, is an alternative method to enhance the temperature-sensing sensitivity [10][11][12]. FWM originates from third-order nonlinear polarization of light and has been widely applied in fields, including wavelength division multiplexing [13,14], magnetic field sensing [15], strain sensing [16,17], and generation of a supercontinuum spectrum [18,19], to name a few. In optical fibers, at the occurrence of FWM, changes in temperature would induce the signal wave and idler wave to shift the wavelength, which can be utilized for temperature sensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing

Sun

Yan

Wang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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For this study, a temperature sensor utilizing a novel tellurite photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed. In order to improve the sensor sensitivity, alcohol is filled in the air holes of the tellurite PCF. Based on the degenerate four-wave mixing theory, temperature sensing in the mid-infrared region (MIR) can be achieved by detecting the wavelength shift of signal waves and idler waves during variations in temperature. Simulation results show that at a pump wavelength of 3550 nm, the temperature sensitivity of this proposed sensor can be as high as 0.70 nm/°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to propose temperature sensing in the MIR by drawing on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a non-silica PCF.

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Section: (A)mentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing

Sun

Yan

Wang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…According to the energy and momentum conservation, the phase-matching condition of the FWM is defined as (4) [18], where Considering the loss of light waves in the propagation process, the influence of the loss on the gain needs to be considered, so the gain formula is shown as (5) [19]:…”

Section: Basic Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

D-Shaped Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Hydrogen and Methane Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing With SPR Effect

Liu

Chen

et al. 2022

Photonic Sens

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A new D-shaped tellurite photonic crystal fiber sensor based on the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect is designed and optimized. The substrate of the D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (D-PCF) is tellurite glass, and the polished surface is plated with the gold film and hydrogen gas-sensitive film. An air hole of the inner cladding, which is plated with the gold film and methane gas-sensitive film, is selected as the second sensing channel to simultaneously measure the concentration of hydrogen and methane. Based on the four-wave mixing, the wavelength shifts of the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra resulting from the variation of the gas concentration can be used to accurately detect the concentrations of methane and hydrogen. Meanwhile, it is found that the SPR effect can increase the wavelength shifts, which means the sensitivity of methane and hydrogen augment. After parameter optimization, the maximum sensitivities of methane and hydrogen are 4.03 nm/% and −14.19 nm/%, respectively. Both the linearities are up to 99.9%. The resolution of methane is 1.25×10−2% and hydrogen is 7.14×10−3%. Moreover, the fiber length of this sensor is only 20 mm, which is conducive to the construction of a compact or ultra-compact embedded FWM fiber sensor.

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“…Among various conventional thermal-sensing systems, optical sensing technologies are finding increasing interest and applications due to their selectivity, immunity to electromagnetic interference and the capability for multiplexing and remote sensing. For the past few decades, various optical structures, such as waveguides [27][28][29] , photonic crystal fibres [30][31][32] , and Sagnac interferometers [33][34][35] , have been developed for thermal sensing. However, accurate temperature sensing with high resolution based on single-pass (waveguide or fibre) optical sensors is challenging due to the limited optical sensing path.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements

2021

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Temperature is one of the most fundamental physical properties to characterize various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Even a slight change in temperature could have an impact on the status or dynamics of a system. Thus, there is a great need for high-precision and large-dynamic-range temperature measurements. Conventional temperature sensors encounter difficulties in high-precision thermal sensing on the submicron scale. Recently, optical whispering-gallery mode (WGM) sensors have shown promise for many sensing applications, such as thermal sensing, magnetic detection, and biosensing. However, despite their superior sensitivity, the conventional sensing method for WGM resonators relies on tracking the changes in a single mode, which limits the dynamic range constrained by the laser source that has to be fine-tuned in a timely manner to follow the selected mode during the measurement. Moreover, we cannot derive the actual temperature from the spectrum directly but rather derive a relative temperature change. Here, we demonstrate an optical WGM barcode technique involving simultaneous monitoring of the patterns of multiple modes that can provide a direct temperature readout from the spectrum. The measurement relies on the patterns of multiple modes in the WGM spectrum instead of the changes of a particular mode. It can provide us with more information than the single-mode spectrum, such as the precise measurement of actual temperatures. Leveraging the high sensitivity of WGMs and eliminating the need to monitor particular modes, this work lays the foundation for developing a high-performance temperature sensor with not only superior sensitivity but also a broad dynamic range.

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Wavelength multiplexing of four-wave mixing based fiber temperature sensor with oil-filled photonic crystal fiber

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing

Theoretical Investigation of an Alcohol-Filled Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing

D-Shaped Tellurite Photonic Crystal Fiber Hydrogen and Methane Sensor Based on Four-Wave Mixing With SPR Effect

Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements

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