“We are Forgotten”: Forced Migration, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, and Coronavirus Disease-2019

Phillimore, Jenny; Pertek, Sandra Iman; Akyüz, Selin; Darkal, Hoayda; Hourani, Jeanine; McKnight, Pip; Özçürümez, Saime; Taal, Sarah

doi:10.1177/10778012211030943

Cited by 43 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…After she got pregnant and moved into a shelter, she suffered sexual, but also physical and verbal, abuse-i.e., racism-from the staff working there. Status-less and racialized migrants, especially minors, find themselves at the intersection of several and extreme vulnerabilities (Cleton, 2021;De Graeve & Bex, 2017): Their multiple precarities expose them to all forms of violence and abuse (Maioli et al, 2021;Phillimore et al, 2021).…”

Section: Loops Of Violence Across Legal Statusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium

Orsini

Rota

Uzureau

et al. 2022

PaG

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Studies have reported alarmingly high rates of traumatic experiences for refugee populations. While nearly all refugees experienced trauma in their country of origin, a vast majority of those seeking protection abroad also face (extreme) violence during their journeys and once in the country of destination. By concentrating on the migratory experiences of about 300 unaccompanied minors that we approached in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium, this article analyses how different forms of violence are inflicted on these young migrants while moving to Europe. By concentrating on personal accounts of (recurrent) interactions with the EU migration and border management tools, we reveal the structural violence within the day-to-day governance of migration. Often framed as unintended or accidental, the article discusses how violence is instead ubiquitous, as it is systematically inflicted on migrants—including unaccompanied minors—in the form of repeated series of violent events or “loops of violence.” Importantly, such manifestations of violence are perpetrated by key institutional and non-institutional actors in the “migration industry” who are (in)directly involved in managing migration both inside and outside of the EU. Conceptually, we rely on K. E. Dempsey’s political geography of the different typologies of violence within Europe’s governance of migration and asylum and use it to concentrate on key transitional phases/fractures in migratory trajectories—i.e., as unaccompanied young migrants (try to) cross international borders and legal boundaries.

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Section: Loops Of Violence Across Legal Statusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium

Orsini

Rota

Uzureau

et al. 2022

PaG

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“…1,10 These risks of genderbased violence have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, when public health restrictions have added to migrant women's isolation and forced the closure of support programs. 13 In turn, such social isolation, unfamiliarity with social norms in a new environment, financial hardship, and exposure to sexual exploitation and abuse have all been associated with greater likelihood of risky sexual behaviors. 14 This partly explains the higher risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among migrants than in the general population.…”

Section: G R Ants' S E Xual and Reproduc Tive He Alth C Are Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even after reaching countries of destination, migrant women may still face gender‐based violence due to legal and/or economic precarity that causes them to depend on others for support and security 1,10 . These risks of gender‐based violence have increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic, when public health restrictions have added to migrant women's isolation and forced the closure of support programs 13 …”

Section: Migrants' Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

International migrants' right to sexual and reproductive health care

Chen

2022

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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International migration puts people's sexual and reproductive health (SRH), particularly those of women and children, at increased risk. However, many international migrants are denied access to timely and adequate SRH information, goods, and services by governments and/or service providers. This article reviews relevant international human rights treaties to argue that the barriers faced by migrants in accessing SRH care constitute violations of international law. It is well established that migrants are guaranteed access to SRH care as a part of their right to health, as well as the rights enjoyed by vulnerable populations. Increasingly, hindrance of migrants' access to SRH care is also recognized as a threat to their rights to life and equality with non‐migrants. The case of Toussaint v Canada illustrates how governments may be held accountable by human rights treaty monitoring bodies when they fail to respect and fulfill migrants' right to SRH care.

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“…Furthermore, the risk of death or physical harm intensified under pandemic conditions because of the generated dependency and proximity to their aggressors. In contrast, health care, GBV provisions, and escape routes got limited, leading some survivors to contemplate self-harm 9 . In some low-middle income countries, GBV skyrocketed during the lockdowns and curfews compared to the pre-pandemic years [10][11][12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence and physical violence among women in Peru

et al. 2022

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Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is an increasing social problem worldwide, but it has been neglected despite its high relevance to women’s health. In this study, we aim to assess the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impact on GBV incidence in Peruvian, determine the physical violence prevalence and its associated factors among GBV victims. Methods: We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the GBV weekly incidence by fitting an autoregressive integrated moving average model. Additionally, we assessed the physical violence prevalence and its associated factors by fitting a multivariate Poisson regression model with a link log and robust variance. Results: We analyzed 588,587 cases of women victims of GBV and calculated an annual GBV incidence of 518, 714, 958, 596, and 846 cases per 100,000 women during the years 2017-2021, respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the observed GBV weekly incidence went significantly below the forecasted GBV weekly incidence since 2021. Overall, most GBV cases were of middle to high-risk (76%), regular (75%), and verbal (82%) violence. Most victims were single (81%), rural (75%), mothers with children (60%), who did not complete high school (54%). Most aggressors were men (81%), paid workers (77%), had completed high school education (63%), and partner of their victims (58%). Around 44% of the victims suffered physical violence and its main associated factors were aggressor’s school education (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval: 0.88-0.89), aggressor’s age <40 years old (1.30; 1.29-1.30), aggressor’s paid job (0.99; 0.98-0.99), prior violence report (1.27; 1.26-1.27), victim’s age <40 years old (1.23; 1.22-1.24), and victim non-Peruvian citizenship (1.04; 1.01-1.07). Conclusions: GBV is endemic in Peru, but the COVID-19 pandemic reduced its burden significantly in 2020-2021. Several characteristics of the cases, victims, and aggressors have changed over time, offering new opportunities for implementing interventions to address this social problem.

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“We are Forgotten”: Forced Migration, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, and Coronavirus Disease-2019

Cited by 43 publications

References 60 publications

Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium

Loops of Violence(s) Within Europe’s Governance of Migration in Libya, Italy, Greece, and Belgium

International migrants' right to sexual and reproductive health care

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based violence and physical violence among women in Peru

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