Weight Growth of Colony-Reared Chimpanzees

Smith, Arthur H.; Butler, Thomas M.; Pace, Nello

doi:10.1159/000155684

Cited by 65 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…(1.80 kg, n=42: GAVAH, 1953). Although the birth weights of the Holloman AFB chimpanzees were 2.13 kg for males and 2.10 kg for females (SMITH et al, 1975), the sample sizes were small (five males and four females). Recent statistics from the Sanwa Lab.…”

Section: From Infancy To Juvenilementioning

confidence: 89%

“…We could not determine growth phases as SMITH et al (1975) did, from the distance and velocity curves (Fig. 3).…”

Section: From Infancy To Juvenilementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Systematic studies of growth in apes have been few. Exceptions are those on the chimpanzees reared at the Yerkes Laboratory and Holloman AFB (GAVAN, 1953(GAVAN, , 1971LAIRD, 1967;SMITH et al, 1975;WATTS & GAVAN, 1982;LEIGR & SHEA, 1995). There is less information on the growth of wild chimpanzees than on captive-born (hereafter "captive") chimpanzees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The growth pattern of chimpanzees: Somatic growth and reproductive maturation inPan troglodytes

Hamada

Udono²,

Teramoto³

et al. 1996

Primates

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ABSTRACT. Growth of chimpanzees reared at the Kumamoto Primates Park of Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd. was studied cross-sectionally from the viewpoints of somatic growth and reproductive maturation. Distance and velocity curves were expressed using spline function method. Males showed adolescent growth acceleration in body weight, with a peak at 7.86 yrs of age, but not in trunk length. Females showed continuous rapid growth from mid-juvenile to adolescent phase in both body weight and trunk length, but no isolated adolescent spurt. The Sanwa chimpanzees matured at about 12.5 yrs of age for females and 15.0 yrs for males. The mean adult weights and trunk lengths were 53.2 kg and 507.8 mm for males and 42.7 kg and 481.6 mm for females. The Sanwa chimpanzees had similar growth patterns to those of the Yerkes chimpanzees, although they showed a slight delay in infancy, and a higher growth rate from the early juvenile phase onwards. Growth patterns in these two laboratories may be regarded as "normative" for laboratory-reared chimpanzees. They matured earlier than wild chimpanzees by more than two years. The major reason for the retarded maturation in wild chimpanzees is the delay of growth from infant to the early juvenile phases (0-4 yrs of age), probably owing to a limited nutritional supply from the mother. Development of the testes comprised three phases: slow growth from infant to juvenile (until 6.4 yrs); rapid growth around adolescence (until 9.2 yrs); and adult (mean testicular volume, 187 cm3). Setting the nutritional standard at 2,000-2,600 Cal/day (= Kcal/day) per adult, calories were considered for captive chimpanzees in each age class.

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Section: From Infancy To Juvenilementioning

confidence: 89%

“…We could not determine growth phases as SMITH et al (1975) did, from the distance and velocity curves (Fig. 3).…”

Section: From Infancy To Juvenilementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The growth pattern of chimpanzees: Somatic growth and reproductive maturation inPan troglodytes

Hamada

Udono²,

Teramoto³

et al. 1996

Primates

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show abstract

“…Well-nourished captive chimpanzees have accelerated reproductive rates compared with their wild counterparts. First sexual swelling and first parturition each occur approximately 2-3 years earlier on average in captive than in wild chimpanzees [Coe et al, 1979;Hamada et al, 1996;Smith et al, 1975;Tutin, 1994;Young & Yerkes, 1943]. Interbirth intervals are similarly reduced among captive mothers to approximately 3.5-4.5 years between mother-reared, surviving offspring [Coe et al, 1979;Courtenay, 1987;Tutin, 1994].…”

Section: Life History Variation In Chimpanzeesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Ecology of Female Chimpanzees

Thompson

2012

American J Primatol

104

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An important adaptive problem for mammals in general, and primates in particular, is how females can manage the high costs of reproduction in the face of fluctuating energetic supplies. For many species, the best solution is to breed seasonally such that high costs are temporally coincident with predictable periods of resource abundance. This is an unreliable strategy for some primates, such as chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), for which large body size forces an increase in dietary complexity and prolonged reproductive efforts. Here, I review data on reproductive function in chimpanzees, a species that demonstrates a risk-averse reproductive strategy wherein reproductive investment is allocated in accordance with maternal condition. Life history parameters for chimpanzees indicate that most females produce very few surviving offspring. However, comparisons between captive and wild populations and within wild populations illustrate that variation in resource access leads to highly variable reproductive success. Focused hormonal studies have demonstrated these effects at a proximate level, with energetic influences on female dispersal, receptivity, cycle quality, conception success, and lactational amenorrhea. Downstream of these effects, female reproductive function affects sexual attractiveness, and by virtue of males' own optimal reproductive strategies, can lead to coercive aggression and decreased foraging efficiency. Because of their extreme reproductive costs, female chimpanzees utilize a highly conservative reproductive strategy, one that minimizes the costs of ecological variation but makes them vulnerable to sexual conflict and costs of sociality.

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“…One of the 2 older chimps was acquired from a zoo, but it is not known at what age it came to the zoo, so only 1 of 52 animals was likely to have been sexually active. That animal was aged 7-10 years, as determined on the basis of his weight of 26 kg [38,39]. The reason that the chimps were young (aside from the fact that they are easier to catch) is stated by Courtois in another article: "Apes weighing more than 20 to 25 kg must be considered as unmanageable and very dangerous" [40].…”

Section: Chimpanzee Camp At Lindimentioning

confidence: 99%

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

Gellin

Modlin

Plotkin

2001

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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A book published in 1999 hypothesized that the scientists who worked with the CHAT type 1 attenuated poliomyelitis strain, tested in the former Belgian Congo in the late 1950s, had covertly prepared the vaccine in chimpanzee kidney cells contaminated with a simian immunodeficiency virus, which evolved into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M. This article summarizes the results of the investigation conducted by the author to determine the legitimacy of the accusation. Testimony by eyewitnesses, historical documents of the time, epidemiological analysis, and analysis of ancillary phylogenetic, virological, and polymerase chain reaction data all indicate that this hypothesis is false.Poliomyelitis is rapidly disappearing from the world, thanks in large part to the widespread use of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains developed by Albert Sabin. The precursors of the Sabin strains were those developed by Hilary Koprowski, first at the Lederle Laboratories and then at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. The results of the first administration of OPV to humans were published by Koprowski et al. in 1952 [1] and concerned the TN strain, later identified as type 2 poliovirus. A type 1 strain, called SM, was reported in 1954 [2], and its descendant, a virus called "CHAT" was reported in 1957 [3]. The latter strain concerns us here, for in 1999, a British journalist published a book called The River: A Journal to the Source of HIV and AIDS [4], which proposed the hypothesis that CHAT had been produced in cells from chimpanzees that were contaminated with the simian precursor of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M, the major agent of the AIDS epidemic. This article examines that hypothesis in detail.For a proper understanding of the events recalled in this article, the state of polio vaccine development in the late 1950s is germane. In the late 1950s, obtaining cultures of kidney cells from rhesus monkeys was routine, and commercial laboratories were selling trypsinized kidneys or monolayer cultures in glass bottles. The plaque technique of Dulbecco and Vogt had also come into general use, permitting for the first time cloning (in the old sense) of genetically distinct virus populations. (Therefore, whereas both the early TN type 2 and SM type 1 attenuated strains of Koprowski had been attenuated in rodents, the SM strain was then further attenuated by alternate passages in chick embryo and cultures of monkey kidney cells.) However, the SM strain appeared to be too neurovirulent [5,6], and a substrain called SM-N90 was passed 4 times serially in humans by oral administration of filtered fecal virus, isolated after replication in the intestine. After the fourth human passage, the virus was plaqued 4 times ("plaque purification") in cultures of monkey kidney cells, and the resultant strain was renamed CHAT, after the name of the baby in whom the last human passage had been made.The plaque passage history was shown in detail in Koprowski's article ( figure 1) [3] . The sequence of plaque passage was plaque 9 to plaque 13 to...

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Weight Growth of Colony-Reared Chimpanzees

Cited by 65 publications

References 1 publication

The growth pattern of chimpanzees: Somatic growth and reproductive maturation inPan troglodytes

The growth pattern of chimpanzees: Somatic growth and reproductive maturation inPan troglodytes

Reproductive Ecology of Female Chimpanzees

CHAT Oral Polio Vaccine Was Not the Source of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M for Humans

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