Weis-Fogh clap and fling mechanism in Locusta

Cooter, R. J.; Baker, Peter S.

doi:10.1038/269053a0

Cited by 55 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Wing flexing, for example, has been discussed as a modification of the clapand-fling termed the 'clap-and-peel', which might alter force production during the fling part of the wing motion (Ellington, 1984b). This modified clap-and-fling kinematics was found in fixed flying Drosophila (Götz, 1987) and larger insects such as butterflies (Brackenbury, 1991a;Brodsky, 1991), bush cricket, mantis (Brackenbury, 1990(Brackenbury, , 1991b, and locust (Cooter and Baker, 1977). In contrast, in our dragonfly model we used rigid flat plates that deformed only slightly during wing translation or wing rotation (Fig.·1D).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other insects of more primitive orders, such as locusts, lie somewhere between both extremes; in locust, the stroke-phase relationship seems to be highly consistent, with little variation during flight control (Chadwick, 1953;Weis-Fogh, 1956;Wilson, 1968;Wortmann and Zarnack, 1993). Cooter and Baker (1977) reconstructed wing motion of freely flying locust Locusta migratoria and found a fixed phase relationship between their fore-and hindwings in which the forewing slightly leads by approximately 61°.In contrast, dragonflies vary the phase relationship between ipsilateral fore-and hindwings with different behaviors (Norberg, 1975;Reavis and Luttges, 1988;Wakeling and Ellington, 1997;Wang et al, 2003). Three categories of phase relationship between fore-and hindwing have been established: phase-shifted stroking, counterstroking and parallel stroking.…”

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The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings

Maybury

Lehmann

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

153

124

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Functionally four-winged insects such as dragon-and damselflies use a large variety of wingbeat kinematics to produce and control aerodynamic forces for flight (Alexander, 1984;Azuma et al., 1985;Azuma and Watanabe, 1988;Chadwick, 1940;Grodnitsky and Morozov, 1992;Reavis and Luttges, 1988;Rüppell, 1989;Rüppell and Hilfert, 1993;Sato and Azuma, 1997;Somps and Luttges, 1985;Wakeling, 1993;Wakeling and Ellington, 1997;Wang et al., 2003;Weis-Fogh, 1967). The neuromuscular system allows these animals to actively manipulate many aspects of wing motion such as stroke amplitude, stroke frequency, the angle of attack and stroke plane (Norberg, 1975;Rüppell, 1989), but also to actively control the timing between the fore-and hindwing stroke cycles (kinematic phase relationship, Alexander, 1984;Azuma and Watanabe, 1988;Clark, 1940;Grodnitsky and Morozov, 1992;May, 1995;Sato and Azuma, 1997; Simmons, 1977a,b;Wakeling and Ellington, 1997;Wang et al., 2003). Thus dragonflies and damselflies differ significantly from other four-winged insect species such as butterflies, bees, wasps and ants, whose fore-and hindwings always beat in phase, due to a sophisticated joint that mechanically couples the motion of both wings throughout the entire stroke cycle (Gorb, 2001). Other insects of more primitive orders, such as locusts, lie somewhere between both extremes; in locust, the stroke-phase relationship seems to be highly consistent, with little variation during flight control (Chadwick, 1953;Weis-Fogh, 1956;Wilson, 1968;Wortmann and Zarnack, 1993). Cooter and Baker (1977) reconstructed wing motion of freely flying locust Locusta migratoria and found a fixed phase relationship between their fore-and hindwings in which the forewing slightly leads by approximately 61°.In contrast, dragonflies vary the phase relationship between ipsilateral fore-and hindwings with different behaviors (Norberg, 1975;Reavis and Luttges, 1988;Wakeling and Ellington, 1997;Wang et al., 2003). Three categories of phase relationship between fore-and hindwing have been established: phase-shifted stroking, counterstroking and parallel stroking. A highly consistent characteristic for the Insects flying with two pairs of wings must contend with the forewing wake passing over the beating hindwing. Some four-winged insects, such as dragonflies, move each wing independently and therefore may alter the relative timing between the fore-and hindwing stroke cycles. The significance of modifying the phase relationship between fore-and hindwing stroke kinematics on total lift production is difficult to assess in the flying animal because the effect of wing-wake interference critically depends on the complex wake pattern produced by the two beating wings. Here we investigate the effect of changing the fore-and hindwing stroke-phase relationship during hovering flight conditions on the aerodynamic performance of each flapping wing by using a dynamically scaled electromechanical insect model. By varying the relative phase difference between fore-and hindwing stroke cycles we...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings

Maybury

Lehmann

2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

153

124

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“…The clap-and-fling and its subtle variations in the precise motion of the wings has already been investigated in many species of insects, including bush cricket and mantis (Brackenbury, 1990;Brackenbury, 1991b), locust (Cooter and Baker, 1977), various species of butterflies (Brackenbury, 1991a;Brodsky, 1991;Dalton, 1975;Ellington, 1984a), and tethered flying Drosophila (Götz, 1987;Lehmann, 1994). A partial or near clap-and-fling, during which the wings approach at the dorsal stroke reversal without physically touching each other, was discovered in the white butterfly Pieris barssicae, the bluebottle Calliphora vicina and the flour moth Ephista (Ellington, 1984a;Ennos, 1989).…”

Section: Significance Of Heaving Motion In Insect Flightmentioning

confidence: 99%

The aerodynamic benefit of wing–wing interaction depends on stroke trajectory in flapping insect wings

Lehmann

Pick

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

100

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SUMMARY Flying insects may enhance their flight force production by contralateral wing interaction during dorsal stroke reversal (`clap-and-fling'). In this study, we explored the forces and moments due to clap-and-fling at various wing tip trajectories, employing a dynamically scaled electromechanical flapping device. The 17 tested bio-inspired kinematic patterns were identical in stroke amplitude, stroke frequency and angle of attack with respect to the horizontal stroke plane but varied in heaving motion. Clap-and-fling induced vertical force augmentation significantly decreased with increasing vertical force production averaged over the entire stroke cycle, whereas total force augmentation was independent from changes in force produced by a single wing. Vertical force augmentation was also largely independent of forces produced due to wing rotation at the stroke reversals, the sum of rotational circulation and wake capture force. We obtained maximum (17.4%) and minimum(1.4%) vertical force augmentation in two types of figure-eight stroke kinematics whereby rate and direction of heaving motion during fling may explain 58% of the variance in vertical force augmentation. This finding suggests that vertical wing motion distinctly alters the flow regime at the beginning of the downstroke. Using an analytical model, we determined pitching moments acting on an imaginary body of the flapping device from the measured time course of forces, the changes in length of the force vector's moment arm,the position of the centre of mass and body angle. The data show that pitching moments are largely independent from mean vertical force; however,clap-and-fling reinforces mean pitching moments by approximately 21%, compared to the moments produced by a single flapping wing. Pitching moments due to clap-and-fling significantly increase with increasing vertical force augmentation and produce nose-down moments in most of the tested patterns. The analytical model, however, shows that algebraic sign and magnitude of these moments may vary distinctly depending on both body angle and the distance between the wing hinge and the animal's centre of mass. Altogether, the data suggest that the benefit of clap-and-fling wing beat for vertical force enhancement and pitch balance may change with changing heaving motion and thus wing tip trajectory during manoeuvring flight. We hypothesize that these dependencies may have shaped the evolution of wing kinematics in insects that are limited by aerodynamic lift rather than by mechanical power of their flight musculature.

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“…In this mechanism, a pair of wings clap and fling sequentially during pronation. Some insects such as locusts and butterflies clap and fling their wings even during forward flight (Cooter & Baker 1977;Brodsky 1991). Several aquatic animals also press a pair of propulsors against each other for locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortex dynamics of clapping plates

2013

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Vortex formation and force generation of clapping plates with various aspect ratios (AR) and stroke angles were investigated. Experiments were performed with a pair of hinged rectangular plates that were rotated symmetrically in a static fluid, and defocusing digital particle image velocimetry was employed to measure the threedimensional flow field. Single-plate cases were also studied to compare with clapping plate cases. As AR decreases, both circulation of the tip vortex and area enclosed by the vortex loop increase inversely. An empirical power-law relationship with a negative exponent is found between total impulse and AR for a given stroke angle. The sensitivity of the force generated by the plates to the change of AR is larger at the smaller stroke angle because of faster acceleration and deceleration. The increase in impulse per plate from the single-plate case to the clapping double-plate case is larger for lower AR. These results reveal that low AR wings are more efficient in propulsive force generation in some specific modes of unsteady flapping flight. The evolution of the wake structures is found to depend on AR and stroke angle.

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Weis-Fogh clap and fling mechanism in Locusta

Cited by 55 publications

References 4 publications

The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings

The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings

The aerodynamic benefit of wing–wing interaction depends on stroke trajectory in flapping insect wings

Vortex dynamics of clapping plates

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