Welding in Maintenance

Ionic adsorption energies. Part 1.—Adsorption by silica from some electrolyte solutions

“…A complete analysis of the results leading to EH is only possible for hydrogen ion concentrations up to about 10-4 N, since this is the highest hydrogen ion concentration reached in the experiments with salt solutions. It is seen from table 6 that the number of hydroxyl ions in the fixed layer decreases as the acid concentration rises (apart from an initial rise with HCI). For this reason, the first approximation to EH at higher hydrogen ion concentrations is nearer to the final value than at lower concentrations.…”

“…It was cleaned by treatment with boiling aqua regia and by the products of the reaction between concentrated nitric acid and ethyl alcohol. These processes were followed by repeated washing with successive changes of conductivity water and final drying in an air-oven at 120" C. The area per g of the silica was determined by the method of catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide introduced by Clark 6 and as modified by Dulin and Elton .2 In the first measurements with hydrochloric acid the silica used had an area/g of 6.9 x 103 cm2. In all other cases a coarser fraction was used, the area/g being 3.0 x 103 cm2.…”

The effect of intake port shape on in-cylinder flow field and turbulence distribution in a high-tumble production engine with endoscope accesses

“…Previous studies utilised particle image velocimetry (PIV) performed in an optically accessible research engine to show the tumbling air charging motion and its evolution during the intake and compression strokes as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) presented extended and detailed physical parametres. 15,28–34 High-speed PIV was also performed in a running production engine using rigid endoscopes (borescopes) for both the laser and camera access. 35–37 These studies achieved major new findings about the high-tumble engine flow.…”