Welding of polymer interfaces

Wool, Richard P.; Yuan, Bo; McGarel, Owen J.

doi:10.1002/pen.760291906

Cited by 351 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…18 Finally, G cmax is approximately the same for bulk PS and PMMA and equal to 500 J/m 2 . [17][18][19][20] It was multiplied by a factor of 0.5 for the PS/PS-r-PVP/PVP system to reflect the presence of only a half-craze at the interface. It was also taken as 210 J/m 2 for the PMMA/PS-r-PMMA/PMMA system, as this was roughly the maximum observed for the given experimental conditions.…”

Section: Chain Friction Onlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Model for the fracture energy of glassy polymer–polymer interfaces

Benkoski

Fredrickson

Krämer

2002

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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ABSTRACT:The increase in the interfacial fracture energy (G c ) with increasing interfacial width (a i ) goes through a transition at a critical value of a i that is unique to each polymer-polymer system. This transition point does not scale with the bulk entanglement spacing (d t ) for different systems, implying that the role of chain friction in reinforcing these interfaces is more important than previously thought. A theoretical model has been developed to calculate G c as a function of the interfacial stress transfer due to individual polymer chains. When including the effects of chain friction only, the model reproduces the nonuniversal behavior of G c with respect to a i /d t but yields poor fits for a i /d t Ͼ 1. The effects of entanglements are then added by calculating the fraction of entangled chains as a function of a i /d t . This contribution, although not material specific, matches the qualitative behavior of G c for large values of a i /d t . When both contributions are included in the model, excellent fits are obtained for all data sets.

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Section: Chain Friction Onlymentioning

confidence: 99%

Model for the fracture energy of glassy polymer–polymer interfaces

Benkoski

Fredrickson

Krämer

2002

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…ing'' or reptation time (T r ) for natural rubber. Wool et al 25 cle (t Å 0) to normalize the data. Hence, it should precision of the test method; or (c) nonhomobe obvious from Figure 10 that the cyclic creep geniety in the glove material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability and material characteristics of vulcanized latex film during and following cyclic fatigue in a saline environment

Dillon

Schroeder

1997

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The importance of stress or fatigue as a source of latex glove failure has been mentioned in several recent studies, but little work has been done to examine the underlying mechanism of these failures. The present work was undertaken to develop techniques for very early detection of structural changes in glove barriers. This was accomplished by monitoring the ion permeability and electrical properties of vulcanized latex glove material during cyclic fatigue in saline. Alteration in the conductance and capacitance of the membrane during the fatigue cycle showed that catastrophic failure of the material was preceded by deviation in the conductance of the membrane 8-10 min before rupture of the material. Disruption of the material coincided with capacitive ''discharge'' of and ion transport across the membrane. Follow-up examination by optical (1001) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed failure of the original fibril network structure surrounding the latex particles. Failure corresponded to processes consistent with repeated stress and rupture of the fibrils responsible for maintaining membrane integrity. Cyclic creep-strain measurements were carried out on the latex glove material. The estimated strain during cyclic fatigue was consistent with use during normal flexing of the glove finger. The fatigue life-time of the glove material was found to be about 2 h. Based on these studies, we conclude that failure of the glove material due to hole formation is preceded by gradual thinning (and weakening) of the membrane in localized regions. This suggests that latex inhomogeneities (defects) are the ultimate cause of failure. These findings confirm the importance of stress in explaining the source of some glove material failures, especially those failures not obviously accompanied by sharp instrument or needle penetrations. The results of the fatigue study emphasize the importance of changing gloves during prolonged use.

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“…Wool and coworkers systematically studied the theory involved [7,8]. They pointed out that the healing process goes through five phases: (i) surface rearrangement, which affects initial diffusion function and topological feature; (ii) surface approach, related to healing patterns; (iii) wetting, (iv) diffusion, the main factor that controls recovery of mechanical properties, and (v) randomization, ensuring disappearance of cracking interface.…”

Section: Self-healing Based On Physical Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: A review

Yuan¹,

Yin²,

Rong³

et al. 2008

Express Polym. Lett.

375

192

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Abstract. Formation of microcracks is a critical problem in polymers and polymer composites during their service in structural applications. Development and coalescence of microcracks would bring about catastrophic failure of the materials and then reduce their lifetimes. Therefore, early sensing, diagnosis and repair of microcracks become necessary for removing the latent perils. In this context, the materials possessing self-healing function are ideal for long-term operation. Self-repairing polymers and polymer composites have attracted increasing research interests. Attempts have been made to develop solutions in this field. The present article reviews state-of-art of the achievements on the topic. According to the ways of healing, the smart materials are classified into two categories: (i) intrinsic self-healing ones that are able to heal cracks by the polymers themselves, and (ii) extrinsic in which healing agent has to be pre-embedded. The advances in this field show that selection and optimization of proper repair mechanisms are prerequisites for high healing efficiency. It is a challenging job to either invent new polymers with inherent crack repair capability or integrate existing materials with novel healing system.

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Welding of polymer interfaces

Cited by 351 publications

References 71 publications

Model for the fracture energy of glassy polymer–polymer interfaces

Model for the fracture energy of glassy polymer–polymer interfaces

Permeability and material characteristics of vulcanized latex film during and following cyclic fatigue in a saline environment

Self healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: A review

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