Well Water and Parkinson’s Disease in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Nationwide Case-Control Study

Silver, Maya R.; Racette, Brad A.; Dube, Umber; Faust, Irene M.; Nielsen, Susan

doi:10.3233/jpd-191793

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The literature also contains reports of null findings as well as protective effects for well water (see [21,22] for reviews). The majority of these studies were clinic-based and are susceptible to bias caused by the greater likelihood of cases to travel longer distances (i.e., from rural locations where wells are more common) to obtain care [23]. The inverse correlation that we observed is consistent with the largest of these studies, performed by Silver et al [23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The majority of these studies were clinic-based and are susceptible to bias caused by the greater likelihood of cases to travel longer distances (i.e., from rural locations where wells are more common) to obtain care [23]. The inverse correlation that we observed is consistent with the largest of these studies, performed by Silver et al [23]. These authors conducted a population-based case-control study among Medicare beneficiaries that included 89,790 incident PD cases and nearly 22,000,000 controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States

Schwartz

Williamson

2021

Brain Sciences

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Although the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is unknown, potentially informative clues lie in its geographic distribution. PD prevalence rates within the U.S. are significantly higher in the Midwest and Northeast, a pattern that resembles the geographic distribution of acid precipitation (“acid rain”). Using linear and multivariable regression, we examined state-wide data on PD prevalence in relation to environmental factors including total precipitation, the acidity of precipitation, the use of well water, and industrial releases of sulfuric acid. In multivariate analyses, age-, race-, and gender-adjusted prevalence rates for PD were inversely correlated with well water use and positively correlated with industrial releases of sulfuric acid and with the quantity of acid precipitation (p < 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between PD and acid rain. Because acid rain is known to leach metals from soils and pipes into drinking water, acid rain’s association with PD prevalence adds support for a role for metals in the etiology of PD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States

Schwartz

Williamson

2021

Brain Sciences

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“…A nationwide case–control study published in 2020, which was excluded in this study because the sample size was too large, also reported that reliance on well water does not appear to increase risk of PD in general, 31 which further increases the credibility of our conclusions. In this nationwide, population-based case–control study, the researchers identified all incident PD cases (N = 89,790) and all comparable controls (N = 21,549,400) age 66–90 who solely relied on Medicare coverage in the US in 2009.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…After careful review, 32 studies were identified for full-text assessment. Seventeen of the 32 studies were further excluded for the following reasons: unable to find the full text, 5 , 17–20 unable to extract valid outcome data, 21–29 the language used was not English, 30 the sample size was too large 31 and quality evaluation was too low. 32 Therefore, a total 15 studies included data suitable for our meta-analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Well-Water Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 15 Observational Studies

Shi¹,

Zhang²,

Ye³

2021

NDT

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Introduction The relationship between the risk of Parkinson disease and well-water consumption has been extensively studied, but the results have been contradictory. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to systematically assess the relationship between well-water consumption and Parkinson disease risk. Methods We followed the PRISMA checklist in completing the meta-analysis. We searched two electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE and Cochrane) from establishment to October, 2021, to identify relevant studies linking well-water drinking to Parkinson risk. We used a random-effects model to calculate the overall odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). To reduce intragroup heterogeneity, we conducted subgroup analyses according to the research design and geographic area. Results After careful review, a total of 15 case–control-designed studies included data suitable for our meta-analysis. The total number of cases and total controls that contribute to the combined OR were 2182 and 2456. The combined OR for ever well-water drinkers versus non-drinkers was 1.16 (95% CI: 0.97–1.39, I 2 = 44.52%). In subgroup analysis by geographic area, a significant association was observed in studies conducted in Asia (OR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05–1.58, I 2 = 0.0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.460) but not in studies conducted in America (OR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76–1.24, I 2 = 41.2%, p for heterogeneity = 0.164). In subgroup analysis by study design, a borderline significant association emerged in hospital-based case–control studies (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.04–1.65, I 2 = 40.9%, p for heterogeneity = 0.118) but not in population-based case–control studies (OR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.73–1.26, I 2 = 41.1%, p for heterogeneity = 0.165). Discussion Our results indicate that there is no significant correlation between well-water consumption and PD risk.

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“…According to Marras et al [54], higher levels of pesticides and organochlorine insecticides and their metabolites can be detected in the serum and SN of PD patients than of non-PD subjects. Silver et al [59] also suggested that the utilization of well-water contaminated with pesticides could increase the PD risk. Paraquat and rotenone, active ingredients in herbicides and pesticides, have been linked to PD-associated oxidative stress upon entry into a biological system; they are metabolized to generate reactive species, which could damage mtDNA and inhibit enzymes involved in the ETC [60][61][62].…”

Section: Parkinson's Disease and Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Homeostasis and Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Akanji

Rotimi

Elebiyo

et al. 2021

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Reactive species, such as those of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, are considered part of normal cellular metabolism and play significant roles that can impact several signaling processes in ways that lead to either cellular sustenance, protection, or damage. Cellular redox processes involve a balance in the production of reactive species (RS) and their removal because redox imbalance may facilitate oxidative damage. Physiologically, redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of many cellular processes. RS may serve as signaling molecules or cause oxidative cellular damage depending on the delicate equilibrium between RS production and their efficient removal through the use of enzymatic or nonenzymatic cellular mechanisms. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. For example, studies have shown that redox imbalance in the brain mediates neurodegeneration and alters normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Therefore, this review describes redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. A clearer understanding of the redox-regulated processes in neurodegenerative disorders may afford opportunities for newer therapeutic strategies.

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Well Water and Parkinson’s Disease in Medicare Beneficiaries: A Nationwide Case-Control Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 66 publications

Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States

Acid Precipitation and the Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: An Ecologic Study in U.S. States

Well-Water Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 15 Observational Studies

Redox Homeostasis and Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disorders

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