West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in Experimentally Infected Argas Ticks (Acari:Argasidae)

Abbassy, Magda M.; Osman, Moustafa; Marzouk, Aleya S.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.726

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Entomological and genetic evidence suggests, in fact, that a lineage 2 WNV strain responsible for outbreaks in southern Russia and Romania may be maintained by Hyalomma marginatum ticks (Kolodziejek et al, 2014). Transmission by agrasid tick species has been demonstrated in the laboratory (Lawrie et al, 2004; Abbassy et al, 1993; Kokonova et al, 2013; Formosinho & Santos-Silva, 2006), yet similar studies with ixodid ticks failed to demonstrate competence (Anderson et al, 2003; Lawrie et al, 2004; Reisen et al, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus adaptation to ixodid tick cells is associated with phenotypic trade-offs in primary hosts

2015

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West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is the most geographically widespread arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the world and is found in multiple ecologically distinct settings. Despite the likelihood of frequent exposure to novel hosts, studies evaluating the capacity and correlates of host range expansions or shifts of WNV and other arboviruses are generally lacking. We utilized experimental evolution of WNV in an Amblyomma americanum tick cell line to model an invertebrate host shift and evaluate the adaptive potential of WNV outside of its primary transmission cycle. Our results demonstrate that highly significant gains in replicative ability in ixodid tick cells are attainable for WNV but are also associated with widespread genetic change and significant phenotypic costs in vitro. Decreased fitness in primary hosts could represent a barrier to frequent exploitation of hard ticks by WNV in nature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile virus adaptation to ixodid tick cells is associated with phenotypic trade-offs in primary hosts

2015

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“…The Australian Flns~iviv~is Kunjin (KUN) has also been recognized as a subtype of WNV within Lineage I (Heinz et al 2000, Scherret et al 2001. Numerous mosquito species are the primary vectors, but the role of ticks as a facilitator of virus transport by birds has been documented (Abbassy et al 1993(Abbassy et al , L'vov et al 2002 and needs further consideration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of West Nile Virus Infection in Birds in the United States by Blocking ELISA and Immunohistochemistry

Jozan

Evans²,

McLean³

et al. 2003

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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A blocking ELISA targeting an immunodominant West Nile epitope on the West Nile Virus NSI protein was assessed for the detection of West Nile-specific antibodies in blood samples collected from 584 sentinel chickens and 238 wild birds collected in New Jersey from May-December 2000. Ten mallard ducks (Aftus plat!lrlry~fchos) experimentally infected with West Nile virus and six uninfected controls were also tested. The ELISA proved specific in detecting WNV antibodies in 9/10 chickens and 414 wild birds previously confirmed as positive by Plaque Reduction Neutralization test (PRNT) at the Center for Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, CO, USA (CDC). Nine out of the ten experimentally infected mallard ducks also tested positive for WN antibodies in the blocking ELISA, while 616 uninfected controls did not. Additionally, 1705 wild birds, collected in New Jersey from December 2000-November 2001 and Long Island, New York between November 1999 and August 2001 were also tested for WN antibodies by the blocking ELISA. These tests identified 30 positive specimens, 12 of which had formalin-fixed tissues available to allow detection of WN specific viral antigen in various tissues by WNV-specific immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that rapid and specific detection of antibodies to WN virus in sera from a range of avian species by blocking ELISA is an effective strategy for WN Virus surveillance in avian hosts. In combination with detection of WN-specific antigens in tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the blocking ELISA will also be useful for confirming WN infection in diseased birds.

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“…Laboratory studies have documented transmission of WN virus by O. savignyi (Audouin) (Hurlbut 1956), O. moubata (Murray) (Whitman and Aitken 1960), O. erraticus (Lucas) and O. capensis (Vermeil et al 1960), and A. arboreus Hoogstraal (Kaiser and Kohls) (Abbassy et al 1993 (Shalunova et al 1968, Chumakov et al 1968, Berezin 1971, Sokolova et al 1973, Mirzoeva et al 1974, Lvov et al 1975, Darwish and Hoogstaal 1981, Hayes 1989, and Hubalek and Halouzka 1999, vector competency has not been documented (Whitman and Aitken 1960).…”

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confidence: 97%

Transstadial Transfer of West Nile Virus by Three Species of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Table 1

et al. 2003

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Larvae and/or nymphs of four species of ixodid ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, Amblyomma americanum (L.), Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, and Dermacentor variabilis Say, were fed to completion on laboratory hamsters or mice which had been inoculated with a West Nile (WN) virus isolate from Culex pipiens L. captured in Connecticut USA. Maximum titers in mice and hamsters were approximately 5 and two logs, respectively, lower than recorded (10 logs) in a naturally infected American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm. WN virus was isolated in Vero cell culture from ticks and detected by TaqMan RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in ticks that had completed their feeding as larvae or nymphs, and in I. scapularis, D. andersoni, and D. variabilis that had molted into the next stage of development. Naive hosts, fed upon by nymphs that as larvae had fed on viremic hosts, did not become infected. WN virus was isolated in Vero cell culture from one female I. scapularis and was detected by TaqMan RT-PCR in 24 adult I. scapularis, one D. andersoni, and two D. variabilis adults that had fed to completion as larvae on viremic hosts and as nymphs on naive mice or hamsters. Three species of ixodid ticks acquired WN virus from viremic hosts and transstadially passed the virus, but vector competency was not demonstrated.

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West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) in Experimentally Infected Argas Ticks (Acari:Argasidae)

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

West Nile virus adaptation to ixodid tick cells is associated with phenotypic trade-offs in primary hosts

West Nile virus adaptation to ixodid tick cells is associated with phenotypic trade-offs in primary hosts

Detection of West Nile Virus Infection in Birds in the United States by Blocking ELISA and Immunohistochemistry

Transstadial Transfer of West Nile Virus by Three Species of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Table 1

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