West Nile Virus in Overwintering<i>Culex</i>Mosquitoes, New York City, 2000

Nasci, Roger S.; Savage, Harry M.; White, Dan S.; Miller, James R.; Cropp, Bruce C.; Godsey, Marvin S.; Kerst, Amy J.; Bennett, Paul; Gottfried, Kristy L.; Lanciotti, Robert S.

doi:10.3201/eid0704.010426

Cited by 185 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…pipiens with amplification initiated in the spring by horizontal transmission. 55,56 Human cases reported in October may have resulted from bites by infected Cx. tarsalis or Ae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To investigate arbovirus transmission in North Dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by Vero cell culture assay. Seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. Spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV), Cache Valley virus, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and trivittatus virus are reported. Snowshoe hare virus, Potosi virus, and western equine encephalomyelitis virus were also isolated. The risks of Culex tarsalis and Aedes vexans transmitting WNV to humans were 61.4% and 34.0% in 2003-2006, respectively, but in 2003 when the largest epidemic was reported, risks for Ae. vexans and Cx. tarsalis in Cass County were 73.6% and 23.9%, respectively. Risk of humans acquiring an infectious bite was greatest from about the second week of July through most of August. West Nile virus sequences were of the WN02 genotype. Most JCV strains belonged to a single clade of genetically related strains. Cache Valley virus and JCV were prevalent during August and early September and during July and August, respectively.

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“…pipiens with amplification initiated in the spring by horizontal transmission. 55,56 Human cases reported in October may have resulted from bites by infected Cx. tarsalis or Ae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…[6] and [10] but whose infection (aggression) rates are computed from the present analysis rather than being simply postulated.The formalism is directly useful for the study of the spread of zoonotic diseases such as the Hantavirus [31] in which infection spreads as the result of the movement of rodents on a terrain. It should also find use in other contexts as in the study of West Nile Virus [32,33] within the field of epidemics and also in general studies of reaction diffusion and interacting random walks.…”

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confidence: 99%

Theory of the Transmission of Infection in the Spread of Epidemics: Interacting Random Walkers with and Without Confinement

Kenkre

Sugaya

2014

Bull Math Biol

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A theory of the spread of epidemics is formulated on the basis of pairwise interactions in a dilute system of random walkers (infected and susceptible animals) moving in n dimensions. The motion of an animal pair is taken to obey a Smoluchowski equation in 2n-dimensional space that combines diffusion with confinement of each animal to its particular home range. An additional (reaction) term that comes into play when the animals are in close proximity describes the process of infection. Analytic solutions are obtained, confirmed by numerical procedures, and shown to predict a surprising effect of confinement. The effect is that infection spread has a non-monotonic dependence on the diffusion constant and/or the extent of the attachment of the animals to the home ranges. Optimum values of these parameters exist for any given distance between the attractive centers. Any change from those values, involving faster/slower diffusion or shallower/steeper confinement, hinders the transmission of infection. A physical explanation is provided by the theory. Reduction to the simpler case of no home ranges is demonstrated. Effective infection rates are calculated and it is shown how to use them in complex systems consisting of dense populations. The purpose of the following is to construct an analytic theory of the transmission of infection in epidemics spread on the basis of a simple but exactly soluble model of interacting random walkers representing animals moving about on the terrain and infecting one another on encounter. Seminal contributions by Anderson and May and others [1][2][3][4], involving concepts such as mass action, SIR, and the basic reproductive rate R 0 , launched this field of research which derives its importance from human relevance as well as intellectual challenge. Spatial considerations were introduced into the investigations independently by various authors [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] giving the studies a kinetic equation flavor. Missing from some of these studies were confinement features that arise in animal motion from home ranges and yet are clear and compelling in the light of field observations [12][13][14]. These and other issues have made it essential to undertake a fundamental study of the transmission of infection in terms of interacting random walks specially under confinement.Model and Method of Analysis-Our model starts with just two animals, one initially infected and the other initially uninfected (susceptible), respectively denoted by 1 and 2, performing random walks around respective attractive centers at R 1 and R 2 , with a diffusion constant D, there being the possibility of the uninfected individual getting infected at a rate proportional to C when the two occupy the same position. The central quantity that serves as the focus of our calculation is the joint proba- * Electronic address: kenkre@unm.edu † Electronic address: satomi@unm.edu bility density P (r 1 , r 2 , t) that the infected animal is at r 1 and the susceptible animal is at r 2 . Given this definition, P (r 1 , r...

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“…For example, in North America and Asia extensive gene flow occurs between subspecies (Tabachnick & Powell 1983;Urbanelli et al 1997;Fonseca et al 2004), whereas in some parts of Africa gene flow between subspecies is partial (Urbanelli et al 1985(Urbanelli et al , 1995 or restricted ( Jupp 1978;Cornel et al 2003). Depending on location, members of this complex can be important vectors of nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis and arboviruses such as St Louis encephalitis, West Nile and Rift Valley fever viruses (Hoogstraal et al 1979;Krida et al 1998;Day 2001;Nasci et al 2001;Fonseca et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history of a mosquito endosymbiont revealed through mitochondrial hitchhiking

2006

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Due to cytoplasmic inheritance, spread of maternally inherited Wolbachia symbionts can result in reduction of mitochondrial variation in populations. We examined sequence diversity of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4 ) gene in Wolbachia-infected (South Africa (SA), California and Thailand) and uninfected (SA) Culex pipiens complex populations. In total, we identified 12 haplotypes (A-L). In infected populations, 99% of individuals had haplotype K. In the uninfected SA population, 11 haplotypes were present, including K. Nuclear allozyme diversity was similar between infected and uninfected SA populations. Analysis of nuclear DNA sequences suggested that haplotype K presence in uninfected SA Cx. pipiens was probably due to a shared ancestral polymorphism rather than hybrid introgression. These data indicate that Wolbachia spread has resulted in drastic reduction of mitochondrial variability in widely separated Cx. pipiens complex populations. In contrast, the uninfected SA population is probably a cryptic species where Wolbachia introgression has been prevented by reproductive isolation, maintaining ancestral levels of mitochondrial diversity. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the Wolbachia sweep occurred within the last 47 000 years. The effect of Wolbachia on mitochondrial dynamics can provide insight on the potential for Wolbachia to spread transgenes into mosquito populations to control vector-borne diseases.

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West Nile Virus in OverwinteringCulexMosquitoes, New York City, 2000

Cited by 185 publications

References 15 publications

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Theory of the Transmission of Infection in the Spread of Epidemics: Interacting Random Walkers with and Without Confinement

Evolutionary history of a mosquito endosymbiont revealed through mitochondrial hitchhiking

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