Western corn rootworm and Bt maize

Gassmann, Aaron J.; Petzold-Maxwell, Jennifer L.; Keweshan, R. S.; Dunbar, Mike W.

doi:10.4161/gmcr.20744

Cited by 75 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize was first reported in Iowa among WCR populations collected in 2009 from fields with a history of continuous cultivation of maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 Bt toxin (Gassmann et al 2011). Subsequent studies performed on populations collected in 2010 confirmed the initial report of resistance (Gassmann et al 2012), and demonstrated that these insects were cross-resistant to the mCry3A toxin (Gassmann et al 2014). …”

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confidence: 68%

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Genetic Markers for Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Toxin

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Swarup

Chen

et al. 2015

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Western corn rootworm (WCR) is a major maize (Zea mays L.) pest leading to annual economic losses of more than 1 billion dollars in the United States. Transgenic maize expressing insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used for the management of WCR. However, cultivation of Bt-expressing maize places intense selection pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. Instances of resistance to Bt toxins have been reported in WCR. Developing genetic markers for resistance will help in characterizing the extent of existing issues, predicting where future field failures may occur, improving insect resistance management strategies, and in designing and sustainably implementing forthcoming WCR control products. Here, we discover and validate genetic markers in WCR that are associated with resistance to the Cry3Bb1 Bt toxin. A field-derived WCR population known to be resistant to the Cry3Bb1 Bt toxin was used to generate a genetic map and to identify a genomic region associated with Cry3Bb1 resistance. Our results indicate that resistance is inherited in a nearly recessive manner and associated with a single autosomal linkage group. Markers tightly linked with resistance were validated using WCR populations collected from Cry3Bb1 maize fields showing significant WCR damage from across the US Corn Belt. Two markers were found to be correlated with both diet (R2 = 0.14) and plant (R2 = 0.23) bioassays for resistance. These results will assist in assessing resistance risk for different WCR populations, and can be used to improve insect resistance management strategies.

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confidence: 68%

“…Recent studies, however, have reported resistance to Cry3Bb1 in a number of WCR populations (Gassmann et al 2011, 2012, 2014). To ensure the long-term viability of Cry3Bb1, IRM and IPM practices have been implemented, but these management efforts can be enhanced with a more specific knowledge of the distribution of the resistance alleles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Markers for Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Toxin

Flagel

Swarup

Chen

et al. 2015

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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“…Pruning of one node of roots by larval rootworm feeding is associated with a 17% loss in yield [3]. Management of rootworm has been complicated by the evolution of resistance to several management strategies, including organochloride, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides [4,5,6], crop rotation [1,7], and maize that produces insecticidal crystalline (Cry) toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) [8,9,10,11,12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Populations of western corn rootworm with field-evolved resistance to Bt maize were first identified in 2011 from fields in Iowa with severe root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize that were sampled in 2009 [8]. Other instances of field-evolved resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize, cross-resistance among Cry3Bb1, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab, and resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 maize have since been identified [8,9,10,11,12,17,18,19,20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both strains were collected from fields where the western corn rootworm population imposed a high level of feeding injury to Cry3Bb1 maize, and resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize by western corn rootworm was confirmed with a plant-based bioassay. The Monona strain was collected from field S5 in Gassmann et al [9], and the Elma strain was collected from field P2 in Gassmann et al [10]. Heterozygous crosses were established between resistant and susceptible insects to assess inheritance of resistance using a variety of bioassays including single-plant assays, seedling-mat assays and diet-based assays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Inheritance and Fitness Costs Associated with Field-Evolved Resistance to Cry3Bb1 Maize by Western Corn Rootworm

Paolino

Gassmann

2017

Toxins

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The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is among the most serious insect pests of maize in North America. One strategy used to manage this pest is transgenic maize that produces one or more crystalline (Cry) toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). To delay Bt resistance by insect pests, refuges of non-Bt maize are grown in conjunction with Bt maize. Two factors influencing the success of the refuge strategy to delay resistance are the inheritance of resistance and fitness costs, with greater delays in resistance expected when inheritance of resistance is recessive and fitness costs are present. We measured inheritance and fitness costs of resistance for two strains of western corn rootworm with field-evolved resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize. Plant-based and diet-based bioassays revealed that the inheritance of resistance was non-recessive. In a greenhouse experiment, in which larvae were reared on whole maize plants in field soil, no fitness costs of resistance were detected. In a laboratory experiment, in which larvae experienced intraspecific and interspecific competition for food, a fitness cost of delayed larval development was identified, however, no other fitness costs were found. These findings of non-recessive inheritance of resistance and minimal fitness costs, highlight the potential for the rapid evolution of resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize by western corn rootworm, and may help to improve resistance management strategies for this pest.

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Linking land use patterns and pest outbreaks in Bt maize

Clair

Gassmann

2021

Ecological Applications

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Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of maize in the United States and is an invasive pest in Europe. Maize is the only agricultural crop on which western corn rootworm larvae can survive and this insect requires two consecutive years of maize cultivation to complete its life cycle. Transgenic maize producing insecticidal proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is often used to manage rootworm populations. The first Bt trait, Cry3Bb1, was introduced in 2003, but larval resistance to this toxin appeared in northeastern Iowa in 2009. Rootworm management occurs on a field-by-field basis, but adult rootworm may disperse among fields. It is known that growing consecutive years of Cry3Bb1 maize within a field can lead to resistance, but the relationship of the surrounding landscape to the development of resistance is unknown. Using geospatial tools and publicly available land-use data, we examined circular areas (buffers) surrounding fields that had previously experienced high levels of rootworm injury to Cry3Bb1 maize and rootworm resistance to Cry3Bb1 maize (problem fields). We calculated the proportion of area inside each buffer planted to maize continuously for 1-9 yr, and compared these values to those for randomly selected control points throughout the state. We also calculated the proportion of the state planted to maize for at least three consecutive years for 2003 through 2018, and its relationship with the annual value of maize. We found that areas surrounding problem fields had significantly more continuous maize compared to controls, with the most continuous maize within 1.6 km of problem fields. We also found that the cultivation of continuous maize in Iowa increased significantly between 2003 and 2018, and this was correlated with average annual price of maize. We hypothesize a scenario in which continuous cultivation of Cry3Bb1 maize in local landscapes, driven in part by the increased value of maize, facilitated selection for Cry3Bb1 resistance. These results suggest that land use in areas surrounding problem fields affect the rate of resistance evolution and approaches for resistance management can be enhanced by taking a landscape-level perspective.

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Western corn rootworm and Bt maize

Cited by 75 publications

References 58 publications

Genetic Markers for Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Toxin

Genetic Markers for Western Corn Rootworm Resistance to Bt Toxin

Assessment of Inheritance and Fitness Costs Associated with Field-Evolved Resistance to Cry3Bb1 Maize by Western Corn Rootworm

Linking land use patterns and pest outbreaks in Bt maize

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