Wetting properties of liquid lithium on select fusion relevant surfaces

Fiflis, P.; Press, Andrea L.; Xu, Wei; Andruczyk, Daniel; Curreli, Davide; Ruzic, D. N.

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.03.060

Cited by 77 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…1B, the molten Li droplet tends to ball up and avoid contact with surfaces without any modification, suggesting an unfavorable wettability. This "lithiophobic" effect possibly originates from the lack of bonding interaction between surface (carbon or Cu) and molten Li (27,28). For surface-modified objects, the Si coating reacts with molten Li to create a binary alloy phase-lithium silicide with some bonding interactions to pure Li (29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For surface-modified objects, the Si coating reacts with molten Li to create a binary alloy phase-lithium silicide with some bonding interactions to pure Li (29)(30)(31). This reaction drives and guides molten Li to wet the entire surface and fill in the porous structure (28). Therefore, the Si layer functions as a lithiophilic coating promoting good wetting property of liquefied Li.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating

Liang

Lin

Zhao

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

785

533

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Lithium metal-based battery is considered one of the best energy storage systems due to its high theoretical capacity and lowest anode potential of all. However, dendritic growth and virtually relative infinity volume change during long-term cycling often lead to severe safety hazards and catastrophic failure. Here, a stable lithium-scaffold composite electrode is developed by lithium melt infusion into a 3D porous carbon matrix with "lithiophilic" coating. Lithium is uniformly entrapped on the matrix surface and in the 3D structure. The resulting composite electrode possesses a high conductive surface area and excellent structural stability upon galvanostatic cycling. We showed stable cycling of this composite electrode with small Li plating/stripping overpotential (<90 mV) at a high current density of 3 mA/cm 2 over 80 cycles.Li composite | Li metal anode | melt infusion | 3D scaffold | lithiophilic N owadays the increasing demand for portable electronic devices as well as electric vehicles raises an urgent need for high energy density batteries. Lithium (Li) metal anode has long been regarded as the "Holy Grail" of battery technologies, due to its light weight (0.53 g/cm 3 ) (1), lowest anode potential (−3.04 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode) (1), and high specific capacity (3,860 mAh/g vs. 372 mAh/g for conventional graphite anode) (1). It possesses an even higher theoretical capacity than the recently intensely researched anodes such as Ge, Sn, and Si (2-10). In addition, the demand for copper current collectors (9 g/cm 3 ) in conventional batteries with graphite anodes can be eliminated by employment of Li metal anodes, hence reducing the total cell weight dramatically. Therefore, Li metal could be a favorable candidate to be used in highly promising, next-generation energy storage systems such as Li−sulfur battery and Li−air battery.The safety hazard associated with Li metal batteries, originating from the uncontrolled dendrite formation, has become a hurdle against the practical realization of Li metal-based batteries (11,12). The sharp Li filaments can pierce through the separator with increasing cycle time, thus provoking internal short-circuiting (12). Most previous academic research to settle this bottleneck focuses on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) stabilization/modification by introducing various additives (13-17). These electrolyte additives interact with Li quickly and create a protective layer on the Li metal surface, which helps reinforce the SEI (13-17). Furthermore, recent study in our group has also shown the employment of interconnected hollow carbon spheres (18) and hexagonal boron nitride (19) as mechanically and chemically stable artificial SEI which effectively block Li dendrite growth.In addition to the notorious Li dendrite formation, another significant factor that contributes considerably to the battery shortcircuiting is the volume change of Li metal during electrochemical cycling, which is usually overlooked (20,21). During battery cycling, Li metal is deposited/stripped ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating

Liang

Lin

Zhao

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

785

533

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For instance, oxygen impurities were reported to have significant effects on properties of lithium droplets 13 and tin thin films 14 on molybdenum surfaces. Computational studies for liquid metals can provide predictions where experimental data are lacking and also eliminate the effect of impurities on phenomena relevant to plasma-facing applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and dynamic properties of liquid tin from a new modified embedded-atom method force field

et al. 2017

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A new modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) force field is developed for liquid tin. Starting from the Ravelo and Baskes force field [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2482], the parameters are adjusted using a simulated annealing optimization procedure in order to obtain better agreement with liquid-phase data. The predictive capabilities of the new model and the Ravelo and Baskes force field are evaluated using molecular dynamics by comparing to a wide range of first-principles and experimental data. The quantities studied include crystal properties (cohesive energy, bulk modulus, equilibrium density, and lattice constant of various crystal structures), melting temperature, liquid structure, liquid density, self-diffusivity, viscosity, and vapor-liquid surface tension.It is shown that although the Ravelo and Baskes force field generally gives better agreement with the properties related to the solid phases of tin, the new MEAM force field gives better agreement with liquid tin properties.

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“…Future tokamaks may utilize liquid lithium plasma-facing components that take advantage of the benefits of lithium and avoid the limitations due to radiation damage and erosion lifetime of solid materials [9]. In addition, the formation of lithium compounds, such as lithium oxide, as a result of atmospheric gas exposure, has been shown to influence the reactive wettability of liquid lithium [10]. Finally, knowledge of the rate of oxidation or passivation of macroscopic lithium samples is important for the safe handling of lithium and lithium-coated components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption of atmospheric gases by bulk lithium metal

Hart

Skinner

Capece

et al. 2016

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Lithium conditioning of plasma facing components has enhanced the performance of several fusion devices. Elemental lithium will react with air during maintenance activities and with residual gases (H 2 O, CO, CO 2 ) in the vacuum vessel during operations. We have used a mass balance (microgram sensitivity) to measure the mass gain of lithium samples during exposure of a ~ 1 cm 2 surface to ambient and dry synthetic air. For ambient air, we found an initial mass gain of several mg/h declining to less than 1 mg/h after an hour and decreasing by an order of magnitude after 24 h. A 9 mg sample achieved a final mass gain corresponding to complete conversion to Li 2 CO 3 after 5 days. Exposure to dry air resulted in a 30 times lower initial rate of mass gain. The results have implications for the chemical state of lithium plasma facing surfaces and for safe handling of lithium coated components.

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Wetting properties of liquid lithium on select fusion relevant surfaces

Cited by 77 publications

References 10 publications

Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating

Composite lithium metal anode by melt infusion of lithium into a 3D conducting scaffold with lithiophilic coating

Structural and dynamic properties of liquid tin from a new modified embedded-atom method force field

Sorption of atmospheric gases by bulk lithium metal

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