WFL, a wheat FLORICAULA/LEAFY ortholog, is associated with spikelet formation as lateral branch of the inflorescence meristem

Shitsukawa, Naoki; Takagishi, Ai; Ikari, Chihiro; Takumi, Shigeo; Murai, Koji

doi:10.1266/ggs.81.13

Cited by 51 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In situ hybridization was performed using the method described previously (Shitsukawa et al, 2006). Spikes at different developmental stages (from prespikelet initiation to preheading) were sampled from CS plants and fixed with FAA solution (3.7% paraformaldehyde, 5% acetic acid, and 50% ethanol) at 48C overnight.…”

Section: In Situ Hybridization Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration among Three Homoeologous Genes of a Class E MADS Box Gene in Hexaploid Wheat

et al. 2007

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Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a hexaploid species with A, B, and D ancestral genomes. Most bread wheat genes are present in the genome as triplicated homoeologous genes (homoeologs) derived from the ancestral species. Here, we report that both genetic and epigenetic alterations have occurred in the homoeologs of a wheat class E MADS box gene. Two class E genes are identified in wheat, wheat SEPALLATA (WSEP) and wheat LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (WLHS1), which are homologs of Os MADS45 and Os MADS1 in rice (Oryza sativa), respectively. The three wheat homoeologs of WSEP showed similar genomic structures and expression profiles. By contrast, the three homoeologs of WLHS1 showed genetic and epigenetic alterations. The A genome WLHS1 homoeolog (WLHS1-A) had a structural alteration that contained a large novel sequence in place of the K domain sequence. A yeast two-hybrid analysis and a transgenic experiment indicated that the WLHS1-A protein had no apparent function. The B and D genome homoeologs, WLHS1-B and WLHS1-D, respectively, had an intact MADS box gene structure, but WLHS1-B was predominantly silenced by cytosine methylation. Consequently, of the three WLHS1 homoeologs, only WLHS1-D functions in hexaploid wheat. This is a situation where three homoeologs are differentially regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.

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Section: In Situ Hybridization Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration among Three Homoeologous Genes of a Class E MADS Box Gene in Hexaploid Wheat

et al. 2007

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“…LFY is a floral meristem identity gene widely conserved among both monocots and dicots (Bomblies et al, 2003) whose transgenic overexpression results in the conversion of shoot apical meristems to flower meristems and accelerated flowering in Arabidopsis (Weigel and Nilsson, 1995). A single wheat homolog of LFY has been identified and shown to be expressed in the developing flowers during the early stages of spike development (Shitsukawa et al, 2006).…”

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Exogenous Gibberellins Induce Wheat Spike Development under Short Days Only in the Presence of VERNALIZATION1

2013

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The activation of the meristem identity gene VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) is a critical regulatory point in wheat (Triticum spp.) flowering. In photoperiod-sensitive wheat varieties, VRN1 is expressed only under long days (LDs), but mutants carrying deletions in a regulatory element in its promoter show VRN1 transcription and early spike development under short days (SDs). However, complete spike development is delayed until plants are transferred to LDs, indicating the existence of an additional regulatory mechanism dependent on LDs. We show here that exogenous gibberellin (GA) application accelerates spike development under SDs, but only in wheat lines expressing VRN1. The simultaneous presence of GA and VRN1 results in the up-regulation of the floral meristem identity genes SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1-1 and LEAFY, whereas inhibition of GA biosynthesis with paclobutrazol precludes the LD induction of these two genes. The inductive role of GA on wheat flowering is further supported by the up-regulation of GA biosynthetic genes in the apices of plants transferred from SDs to LDs and in photoperiod-insensitive and transgenic wheat plants with increased FLOWERING LOCUS T transcription under SDs. The up-regulation of GA biosynthetic genes was not observed in the leaves of the same genetic stocks. Based on these observations, we propose a model in which FLOWERING LOCUS T is up-regulated in the leaves under LDs and is then transported to the shoot apical meristem, where it simultaneously induces the expression of VRN1 and GA biosynthetic genes, which are both required for the up-regulation of the early floral meristem genes SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1-1 and LEAFY and the timely development of the wheat spike.During plant development, the timing of the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is critical for reproductive success and, in cultivated cereals, to maximize seed production. Upon undergoing this transition, annual plants are committed to flower and therefore have evolved a series of mechanisms by which flowering time can be precisely coordinated with environmental cues. Temperate grasses, which include barley (Hordeum. spp.) and wheat (Triticum spp.), evolved in regions with marked seasonal changes and developed mechanisms to initiate and undergo the reproductive phase under favorable conditions. The ancestral forms in this group of species have a winter growth habit (accelerated flowering after vernalization) and are photoperiod sensitive (accelerated flowering by long days [LDs]).Vernalization is the requirement for an extended period of low temperature to accelerate flowering. This helps to ensure that varieties with a winter growth habit will not flower until after winter, protecting the delicate floral meristems from frost damage. This is in contrast to spring-sown varieties, which carry mutations in key vernalization genes that abolish this requirement. In temperate cereals, such as wheat and barley, the main genes regulating the vernalization response are VERNALIZATION1 (...

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“…(* Equal means among the different photoperiodic conditions under unchangeable plant age condition (P > 0.05); a Equal means among the different plant ages under unchangeable photoperiodic condition (P > 0.05)). à ausência de detecção dos transcritos nos meristemas axilares onde se originam as espiguetas (Shitsukawa et al 2006), e no milho, onde os transcritos das duas cópias ortólogas de FLO/LFY, ZFL1 e ZFL2, foram detectados em ápices vegetativos de plantas apresentando 20 dias de idade, incluindo também expressão nos primórdios foliares (Bomblies et al 2003). Em contraste aos resultados obtidos para o trigo, os transcritos de ZFL1 e ZFL2 foram detectados nos meristemas das inflorescências em regiões onde as espiguetas se iniciam, e continuam a serem fortemente expressos nas espiguetas em desenvolvimento, incluindo expressão nos primórdios de órgãos florais (Bomblies et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Desenvolvimento reprodutivo de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.: relação entre fotoperíodo, densidade celular meristemática e padrão de expressão de um ortólogo putativo do gene LEAFY de arabidopsis

Martins¹,

Polo²

2009

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Reproductive development of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.: relationship among photoperiod, meristem cell density and expression pattern of a putative arabidopsis gene LEAFY ortholog). Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) is a typical invasive plant that produces an essential oil with several biological properties. The largest essential oil content is found at the flowers. So, advances in the current knowledge about the H. suaveolens reproductive development are important when the essential oil productivity is sought. Furthermore, the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the H. suaveolens floral induction would be useful to clarify the adaptive responses in invasive plants. We here reported some H. suaveolens reproductive development features. The plants were grown at two photoperiodic treatments (natural photoperiod from Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil and natural photoperiod extended of 16 h). Samples of floral and vegetative aerial apices were taken at five different periods of time, for anatomical and scanning electron microscopic analysis, as well as in situ hybridization experiments, in order to detect the transcripts of a putative ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY gene. Hyptis suaveolens is a short day plant, with critical photoperiod nearby 13 h. The cell density has increased according to higher vegetative or floral meristem activities. The putative ortholog of LEAFY in H. suaveolens has shown an expression pattern similar to that reported in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis, although it was also expressed in vegetative apices at the natural photoperiod plants. Nevertheless, under extended natural photoperiod (16 h) no gene expression was detected in vegetative meristem. These results suggest a basal expression of LEAFY in H. suaveolens vegetative meristem, which is strongly decreased by extended day length conditions, or is increased under photoperiods lower than 13 h, when suitable levels are reached for floral determination.Key words -expression pattern, gene LEAFY, Hyptis suaveolens, invasive plant, Lamiaceae RESUMO -(Desenvolvimento reprodutivo de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.: relação entre fotoperíodo, densidade celular meristemática e padrão de expressão de um ortólogo putativo do gene LEAFY de arabidopsis). Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. é uma planta da família Lamiaceae, considerada uma espécie tipicamente invasora. Entretanto, é produtora de óleo essencial, ao qual várias atividades biológicas são atribuídas. Informações sobre o desenvolvimento reprodutivo nesta espécie seriam úteis à elucidação de mecanismos adaptativos relacionados à indução floral em espécies invasoras, e ao incremento na produção de óleo essencial, devido sua preponderância nas flores. Assim, aqui caracterizamos alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento reprodutivo em Hyptis suaveolens. Plantas de H. suaveolens foram submetidas a dois tratamentos fotoperiódicos (fotoperíodo natural de Alfenas e fotoperíodo mínimo de 16 h) para amostragem de ápices aéreos vegetativos e florais em cinco datas. Nestes materiais botân...

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WFL, a wheat FLORICAULA/LEAFY ortholog, is associated with spikelet formation as lateral branch of the inflorescence meristem

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration among Three Homoeologous Genes of a Class E MADS Box Gene in Hexaploid Wheat

Genetic and Epigenetic Alteration among Three Homoeologous Genes of a Class E MADS Box Gene in Hexaploid Wheat

Exogenous Gibberellins Induce Wheat Spike Development under Short Days Only in the Presence of VERNALIZATION1

Desenvolvimento reprodutivo de Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.: relação entre fotoperíodo, densidade celular meristemática e padrão de expressão de um ortólogo putativo do gene LEAFY de arabidopsis

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