What are the determinants of children's sleep behavior? A systematic review of longitudinal studies

Belmon, Laura S.; Stralen, Maartje M. van; Busch, Vincent; Hamsen, Irene A.; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.09.007

Cited by 73 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Regarding sex, we did not find differences in sleep outcomes between boys and girls. This is consistent with previous findings of a systematic review on sleep in children aged 4-12 years (Belmon et al 2019). In contrast, sleep differences between adult men and women have been well recognized.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Actigraphic estimates of sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in healthy Dutch children

Rensen

Steur

Wijnen

et al. 2020

Chronobiology International

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Sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm are essential for children's health and well-being, yet reference values are lacking. This study therefore aimed to assess actigraphic estimates of sleep and the 24h sleep-wake rhythm, as well as 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) levels in healthy children of different age groups. Additionally, relationships between the outcomes and sex, highest parental educational level (as an indication of socioeconomic status (SES)), and body-mass-index (BMI) were explored. In this cross-sectional study, healthy Dutch children (2-18 years) wore an actigraph (GT3x) for 7 consecutive days, collected first-morning void urine and completed a sleep log and sociodemographic questionnaire. Actigraphically estimated sleep variables were sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), total sleep time (TST), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Nonparametric sleep-wake rhythm variables were intradaily variability (IV); interdaily stability (IS); the activity counts and timing of the least active 5-h period (L5counts and midpoint) and of the most active 10-h period (M10 counts and midpoint); and the relative amplitude (RA), i.e. the ratio of the difference and the sum of M10 and L5 counts. Finally, creatinine-corrected aMT6s levels were obtained by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Effects of age group (preschool 2-5 years/schoolaged 6-12 years/teenager 13-18 years), sex, highest parental educational level and BMI (Z-scores) were explored. Ninety-four children participated, equally divided across age groups (53% boys). Teenagers slept less, but more efficiently, than younger children, while their 24 h sleep-wake rhythm was the least stable and most fragmented (likely due to fragmentation of daytime activity). Additionally, aMT6s levels significantly declined over the age groups. Children from highly educated parents had lower sleep efficiency, but a more stable sleep-wake rhythm. Finally, sex or increase in BMI was not associated with any of the outcomes in this study. In conclusion, this study provides reference values of healthy children across different age groups and different sociodemographic factors. In the future, this information may help to better interpret outcomes in clinical populations. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Actigraphic estimates of sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in healthy Dutch children

Rensen

Steur

Wijnen

et al. 2020

Chronobiology International

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“…Additionally, parents identified the determinant 'family sleep habits', including not having or deviating from a bedtime routine, indistinctness about the child's bedtime, and parental absence when the child needs attention. This finding aligns with the conclusions of previous reviews, and confirms parents' critical role in children's sleep hygiene [16,17,29]. Consequently, future sleep interventions may include enhancing parent's self-efficacy and sleep-related parenting skills, e.g., to create and adhere to a consistent sleep schedule and a relaxing bedtime routine.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Parents also rated affective state, including being afraid, as important. A recent review (2019) [16] found inconclusive evidence for a relationship between anxiety symptoms and sleep duration, and no evidence for a relationship with sleep quality. However, the results in this review are based on only two longitudinal studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These insights may be valuable for the development of future healthy sleep interventions.Knowledge of the most relevant determinants is essential for the development of effective interventions [15]. A recent review of prospective studies [16] found evidence that spending more time on screens (e.g., TV, computer, games), having a difficult temperament, and past poor or inadequate sleep health (i.e., sleep quality or quantity) were longitudinally associated with shorter sleep duration. Another review summarized empirical evidence related to common paediatric sleep recommendations and identified having an inappropriate bedtime, not having a relaxing bedtime routine, having an irregular sleep schedule, a negative emotional environment (e.g., family stress, family conflict), and poorer emotional well-being (e.g., higher levels of internalizing symptoms) as potential determinants of children's inadequate sleep [17].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Child and Parent Perceived Determinants of Children’s Inadequate Sleep Health. A Concept Mapping Study

Belmon

Busch

Stralen

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Many children do not meet the recommendations for healthy sleep, which is concerning given the potential negative effects on children's health. To promote healthy sleep, it is crucial to understand its determinants. This concept mapping study therefore explores perspectives of children and parents on potential determinants of children's inadequate sleep. The focus lies on 9-12 year old children (n = 45), and their parents (n = 33), from low socioeconomic neighbourhoods, as these children run a higher risk of living in a sleep-disturbing environment (e.g., worries, noise). All participants generated potential reasons (i.e., ideas) for children's inadequate sleep. Next, participants sorted all ideas by relatedness and rated their importance. Subsequently, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to create clusters of ideas for children and parents separately. Children and parents both identified psychological (i.e., fear, affective state, stressful situation), social environmental (i.e., sleep schedule, family sleep habits), behavioural (i.e., screen behaviour, physical activity, diet), physical environmental (i.e., sleep environment such as temperature, noise, light), and physiological (i.e., physical well-being) determinants. These insights may be valuable for the development of future healthy sleep interventions.Knowledge of the most relevant determinants is essential for the development of effective interventions [15]. A recent review of prospective studies [16] found evidence that spending more time on screens (e.g., TV, computer, games), having a difficult temperament, and past poor or inadequate sleep health (i.e., sleep quality or quantity) were longitudinally associated with shorter sleep duration. Another review summarized empirical evidence related to common paediatric sleep recommendations and identified having an inappropriate bedtime, not having a relaxing bedtime routine, having an irregular sleep schedule, a negative emotional environment (e.g., family stress, family conflict), and poorer emotional well-being (e.g., higher levels of internalizing symptoms) as potential determinants of children's inadequate sleep [17]. However, the perspectives of children and their parents are lacking in the current literature.The perspectives of children and their parents could bring about new and important insights into potential determinants of inadequate sleep, which can subsequently inform intervention development. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the perspectives of children and parents living in low-SEP neighbourhoods on potential determinants of children's inadequate sleep health. Materials and MethodsA participatory mixed-methods concept mapping study was conducted to assess children's and parents' perspectives on potential determinants of children's inadequate sleep health [18]. For the qualitative part of this approach, participants generated ideas about potential determinants during group brainstorm sessions, and subsequently rated these ideas according t...

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“…Thus, identi cation of correlates of the combined movement guidelines is necessary to design effective multicomponent interventions. Although correlates of single movement recommendation have been identi ed [2,[34][35][36][37][38], there is, to our knowledge, a lack of studies focused on identifying correlates of the combined movement guidelines. A few studies have been published recently [20][21][22][23], but they included study samples with a narrow age range, used self-reported measurements of movement behaviors, and/or had a limited number of examined correlates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Adherence to The Combined Movement Guidelines Among Czech Children and Adolescents

Rubín

Gába²,

Dygrýn

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: There are limited studies on the prevalence of adherence to the combined guidelines for physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep in children and adolescents. Moreover, little is known about correlates of adherence to the guidelines. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and identify the correlates of adherence to the combined movement guidelines among children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 355 children and 324 adolescents from the Czech Republic participated in this study. PA and sleep duration were estimated using multi-day 24-hour raw data from wrist-worn accelerometers. Recreational screen time was self-reported. Sixteen potential correlates were grouped into three homogenous categories for biological and cognitive, behavioral, and family correlates. The multi-level multivariable regression was applied to identify correlates of adherence to combined movement guidelines and to specific combinations of any of two recommendations.Results: Approximately 6.5% of children and 2.2% of adolescents met all recommendations of the combined movement guidelines. Paternal overweight and obesity was significantly associated with adherence to the combined movement guidelines in children (OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1–0.7). Additionally, children had higher odds of meeting specific combinations of two recommendations if they reported healthy diet, participated in organized PA, or if their fathers had a university degree. Meanwhile, paternal overweight and obesity, and high sleep efficiency were associated with lower odds of meeting specific combinations of recommendations. In adolescents, healthy diet, organized PA, and active play were associated with higher odds of meeting specific combinations of any two recommendations. Conclusions: A low proportion of children and adolescents met the combined movement guidelines and several correlates related to family were identified. Family is a key source of influence for healthy movement behaviors during childhood and adolescence.

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What are the determinants of children's sleep behavior? A systematic review of longitudinal studies

Cited by 73 publications

References 95 publications

Actigraphic estimates of sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in healthy Dutch children

Actigraphic estimates of sleep and the sleep-wake rhythm, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in healthy Dutch children

Child and Parent Perceived Determinants of Children’s Inadequate Sleep Health. A Concept Mapping Study

Prevalence and Correlates of Adherence to The Combined Movement Guidelines Among Czech Children and Adolescents

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