What can allostasis tell us about anabolic–androgenic steroid addiction?

Hildebrandt, Tom; Yehuda, Rachel; Alfano, Lauren

doi:10.1017/s0954579411000393

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…al. in California that revealed (AAS) users were more likely than non-users to meet criteria for mood disorder and an anxiety disorder (22) , the mood changes in the current study were increasing with time of use and are consistent with D' Errico et. al.…”

Section: Discussion:-supporting

confidence: 88%

Anabolic Supplements Abuse Among Athletes in Babylon Governorate Gyms.

Abduljabbar¹,

ijar²

2019

IJAR

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Background: Over the past decade it has been obvious that the prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse is increasing rapidly amongst amateur athletes and for aesthetic purposes. As a result, the adverse events related to their use are being seen more frequently. Objectives: To uncover the extent of use of anabolic supplement among gymnasium attendants and their attitude towards it. Methods: The study was done during a period of (6 months), starting from first September 2018 till the end of February 2019. A convenient, non-randomized study sample was chosen from the athletes attending thirteen gyms in deferent regions (district) in Babylon governorate. Data were collected by a questionnaire filled by the participants. Results: The mean age of participants was (25.4 ± 6.1). The users were (73.8%) and non-users (26.2%). Out of the total study group 338(73.8%) believes that these supplements carry a risk. Among the users (49.1%) had mood changes. The study showed (53%) are not sure about the correct use, while (47%) claim that they use supplements in a correct way. Most of the anabolic users in the sample (78.7%) reported that they are able to stop using the anabolic supplements, while (21.3%) reported that they can't stop. Conclusion: In conclusion most of the gym attendees were young most of them used anabolic supplements

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Section: Discussion:-supporting

confidence: 88%

Anabolic Supplements Abuse Among Athletes in Babylon Governorate Gyms.

Abduljabbar¹,

ijar²

2019

IJAR

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“…This trend is consistent with findings that product use may be connected to an overall vulnerability to use substances. 36 In late adolescence and early adulthood, the Binge Eating/Purging class had greater concurrent binge drinking, drug use, and depressive symptoms than the Asymptomatic class. Given this behavioral and mental health profile, it is possible that males in the Binge Eating/Purging class are generally prone to impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, or engagement in maladaptive coping.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Male Eating Disorder Symptom Patterns and Health Correlates From 13 to 26 Years of Age

Calzo

Horton

Sonneville

et al. 2016

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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Objective-Research on the manifestations and health correlates of eating disorder symptoms among males is lacking. This study identified patterns of appearance concerns and eating disorder behaviors from adolescence through young adulthood and their health correlates.Method-Participants were 7,067 males from the prospective Growing Up Today Study. Surveys from 1999-2007 (spanning ages 13-26 years) provided repeated measures data on: muscularity and leanness concerns; eating disorder behaviors (purging, overeating, binge eating, use of muscle-building products); and health correlates (obesity, non-marijuana drug use, binge drinking, and depressive symptoms).Results-Latent class analyses of observations at ages 13-15, 16-18, 19-22, and 23-26 identified one large Asymptomatic class and four symptomatic patterns: Body Image Disturbance Correspondence to: Jerel P. Calzo, PhD, Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., AU-Box 17, BCH3189, Boston, MA 02115; jerel.calzo@childrens.harvard.edu. Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIH.Drs. Horton, Crosby, Swanson, and Calzo served as the statistical experts for this research.Disclosure: Drs. Calzo, Horton, Sonneville, Swanson, Crosby, Micali, Eddy, and Field report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (high appearance concerns, low eating disorder behaviors; 1.0%-6.0% per age period); Binge Eating/Purging (binge eating and purging, use of muscle-building products, low appearance concerns; 0.1%-2.5%); Mostly Asymptomatic (low levels of muscularity concern, product use, and overeating; 3.5%-5.0%); and Muscularity Concerns (high muscularity concerns and use of products; 0.6%-1.0%). The Body Image Disturbance class was associated with high estimated prevalence of depressive symptoms. Males in the Binge Eating/Purging and Muscularity Concerns classes had high prevalence of binge drinking and drug use. Despite exhibiting modestly greater appearance concerns and eating disorder behaviors than the Asymptomatic class, being in the Mostly Asymptomatic class was prospectively associated with adverse health outcomes. HHS Public AccessConclusion-Results underscore the importance of measuring concerns about leanness, muscularity, and use of muscle-building products when assessing eating disorder presentations among males in research and clinical settings.

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“…Exercise in this form leads to impairment or distress because of its tendency towards preoccupation, time-consuming nature, continued practice despite physical injury, and difficulty regulating exercise frequency, duration, or intensity. It is in this type of environment where APED use provides the most functional significance; APEDs are likely to prevent overtraining and the hormonal or neuroendocrine effects of this state (Hildebrandt et al, in press). …”

Section: Describing and Defining The Psychopathology Of Aped Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The diagnostic dilemma of pathological appearance and performance enhancing drug use

Hildebrandt

Lai

Langenbucher

et al. 2011

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use includes the use of a range of pharmacologically distinct substances and concurrent investment in outward appearance or achievement, dietary control, and frequent exercise. A number of existing reviews and conceptual papers have defined pathological forms of APED use within the APED class of anabolicandrogenic steroids (AASs) and using the framework of AAS dependence. We review published data on APED use including human studies of AAS users and identified three defining phenomenological features associated with increased health risk and pathology. These features included (1) polypharmacy or the concurrent use of several pharmacologically distinct substances used to change outward appearance or increase likelihood of personal achievement; (2) significant body image disturbance; (3) rigid practices and preoccupations with diet and exercise. Investigations into the latent structure of APED use suggest these features cluster together in a homogenous group of APED users who have the highest health risk and most psychopathology. These features are discussed in the context of AAS dependence and problems with defining classic tolerance-withdrawal symptoms among APED users. Suggestions for a resolution and outline for future research needed to determine the best system for identifying and diagnosing pathological APED use are discussed.

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What can allostasis tell us about anabolic–androgenic steroid addiction?

Cited by 18 publications

References 107 publications

Anabolic Supplements Abuse Among Athletes in Babylon Governorate Gyms.

Anabolic Supplements Abuse Among Athletes in Babylon Governorate Gyms.

Male Eating Disorder Symptom Patterns and Health Correlates From 13 to 26 Years of Age

The diagnostic dilemma of pathological appearance and performance enhancing drug use

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