What can eye-tracking tell us?

Boardman, James P.; Fletcher‐Watson, Sue

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311693

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…We used eye‐tracking to provide an objective measure of gaze, that is highly resolved in time and space (Boardman & Fletcher‐Watson, 2017), and is feasible and valid in preverbal children (Gillespie‐Smith et al, 2016). Gaze behaviour controls the intake of visual information, and responses to visual stimuli can be used to make inferences about underlying cognitive processes, such as attention and preference (Fletcher‐Watson, Findlay, Leekam, & Benson, 2008; Fletcher‐Watson, Leekam, Benson, Frank, & Findlay, 2009; Liversedge & Findlay, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the challenges to improving long‐term outcomes for preterm infants is early identification of those who will have social difficulties because the preschool years are a period of development when interventions may yield most benefit (Boardman & Fletcher‐Watson, 2017; Meredith, 2015). Precise and practical measures of cognition in early life coupled with understanding how early measures relate to later outcomes are required to enable this.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye‐tracking for longitudinal assessment of social cognition in children born preterm

Dean

Ginnell

Ledsham

et al. 2020

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Background and objectives: Preterm birth is associated with atypical social cognition in infancy, and cognitive impairment and social difficulties in childhood. Little is known about the stability of social cognition through childhood, and its relationship with neurodevelopment. We used eye-tracking in preterm and term-born infants to investigate social attentional preference in infancy and at 5 years, its relationship with neurodevelopment and the influence of socioeconomic deprivation. Methods: A cohort of 81 preterm and 66 term infants with mean (range) gestational age at birth 28 +5 (23 +2-33 +0) and 40 +0 (37 +0-42 +1) respectively, completed eye-tracking at 7-9 months, with a subset reassessed at 5 years. Three free-viewing social tasks of increasing stimulus complexity were presented, and a social preference score was derived from looking time to socially informative areas. Socioeconomic data and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at 5 years were collected. Results: Preterm children had lower social preference scores at 7-9 months compared with term-born controls. Term-born children's scores were stable between time points, whereas preterm children showed a significant increase, reaching equivalent scores by 5 years. Low gestational age and socioeconomic deprivation were associated with reduced social preference scores at 7-9 months. At 5 years, preterm infants had lower Early Learning Composite scores than controls, but this was not associated with social attentional preference in infancy or at 5 years. Conclusions: Preterm children have reduced social attentional preference at 7-9 months compared with term-born controls, but catch up by 5 years. Infant social cognition is influenced by socioeconomic deprivation and gestational age. Social cognition and neurodevelopment have different trajectories following preterm birth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye‐tracking for longitudinal assessment of social cognition in children born preterm

Dean

Ginnell

Ledsham

et al. 2020

Child Psychology Psychiatry

Self Cite

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“…Eye tracking (ET) technology is becoming increasingly popular due to the development of precise, cost efficient, portable and user-friendly eye trackers that can be used in different settings, facilitating studies in several populations. Indeed, ET has been shown to be a feasible and valid method used to study cognition in infants (Wass & Smith, 2014;Boardman & Fletcher-Watson, 2017), healthy adults (Perrin et al, 2017) and several clinical populations (Bours et al, 2018;Li et al, 2016;García-Blanco et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye tracking – The overlooked method to measure cognition in neurodegeneration?

2019

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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“…Eye movements are one of the first observable behavioral responses in infants (Feng, 2011) and can provide insight into cognitive development through eye-tracking (Boardman & Fletcher-Watson, 2017). A common focus of infant eye-tracking research is social cognition; gaze in the context of goal-directed behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The robustness of eye–mouth index as an eye-tracking metric of social attention in toddlers

Souter

Arunachalam

Luyster

2019

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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Eye-tracking research on social attention in infants and toddlers has included heterogeneous stimuli and analysis techniques. This allows measurement of looking to inner facial features under diverse conditions but restricts across-study comparisons. Eye–mouth index (EMI) is a measure of relative preference for looking to the eyes or mouth, independent of time spent attending to the face. The current study assessed whether EMI was more robust to differences in stimulus type than percent dwell time (PDT) toward the eyes, mouth, and face. Participants were typically developing toddlers aged 18–30 months ( N = 58). Stimuli were dynamic videos with single and multiple actors. It was hypothesized that stimulus type would affect PDT to the face, eyes, and mouth, but not EMI. Generalized estimating equations demonstrated that all measures including EMI were influenced by stimulus type. Nevertheless, planned contrasts suggested that EMI was more robust than PDT when comparing heterogeneous stimuli. EMI may allow for a more robust comparison of social attention to inner facial features across eye-tracking studies.

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What can eye-tracking tell us?

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Eye‐tracking for longitudinal assessment of social cognition in children born preterm

Eye‐tracking for longitudinal assessment of social cognition in children born preterm

Eye tracking – The overlooked method to measure cognition in neurodegeneration?

The robustness of eye–mouth index as an eye-tracking metric of social attention in toddlers

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