It is fair to say that the results of the 1995 TlMSS work proved something of a disappointment to both educationists and policy makers in England. In broad terms, in the 'Multiple Comparisons' analyses for mathematics, the English sample scores placed them 17 th out of 26 in the Population 1 comparisons (Year 5) and 25 th out of 41 in the Population 2 comparisons (Year 9). In science, the results were a little different, with the English sample being placed 8 th out of 26 in the Population 1 (Year 5) comparisons and 10th out of 41 in those for Population 2 (Year 9). The results for Year 4 and Year 8 were broadly similar. All figures used here are drawn from Keys et al., (1996) and Harris et al., (1997). The main findings as reported are summarised in more detail in Table 11.1 below, and further information is available in Keys (1999).Perhaps even more significantly, in the 'Test-curriculum matching' analyses (Keys et al., 1996 andHarris et al., 1997), an equally complex picture emerged. In these analyses, each country selected the questions most closely related to its curriculum and comparisons were made across several countries in terms of only these selected items. In mathematics, performance on this specially selected sub-set deemed most relevant to the mathematics curriculum in England showed the English sample to emerge as 8 th out of the nine countries included in the Population 1 analysis (Year 5) and 9 th out of eleven in the countries included in the Population 2 (Year 9) equivalent investigation. In science, the parallel analyses placed the English sample 6 th 233