What do we know about the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2?

Lagunas‐Rangel, Francisco Alejandro; Chávez‐Valencia, Venice

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152054

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…First, the follow-up was only carried out at two time points, so we could not demonstrate the dynamic changes of antibodies after discharge, which may mislead the understanding of antibody linear decline. However, there have been many studies analyzing dynamic serologic responses in the acute phase ( 14 , 15 , 22 , 25 , 26 ). Second, limited by the number of participants of severe/critical type ( n = 9), we could not explain further association between the antibody change trends and the severity of disease because of difficulty to measure the bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Specific and Neutralizing Antibodies over Seven Months after Symptom Onset in COVID-19 Patients

Zhu

et al. 2021

Microbiol Spectr

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Specific and Neutralizing Antibodies over Seven Months after Symptom Onset in COVID-19 Patients

Zhu

et al. 2021

Microbiol Spectr

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“…Similarly, the PlasmAr study showed increased antibody levels only on day 2 following CP infusion compared to controls, whereas no differences were observed at the subsequent time points evaluated [ 9 ]. Therefore, no definite conclusion regarding the contribution of CP to the antibody increase observed in the CP recipients can be easily drawn [ 34 ]. It should be noted, however, that in our study, virtually all patients were seropositive by day 7 from the first CP infusion, irrespective of the time after symptom onset or disease severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Nucleocapsid, Spike and Neutralizing Antibodies, and Viral Load in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Treated with Convalescent Plasma

Thomopoulos

Rosati

Terpos

et al. 2021

Viruses

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COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. Despite meticulous research, only dexamethasone has shown consistent mortality reduction. Convalescent plasma (CP) infusion might also develop into a safe and effective treatment modality on the basis of recent studies and meta-analyses; however, little is known regarding the kinetics of antibodies in CP recipients. To evaluate the kinetics, we followed 31 CP recipients longitudinally enrolled at a median of 3 days post symptom onset for changes in binding and neutralizing antibody titers and viral loads. Antibodies against the complete trimeric Spike protein and the receptor-binding domain (Spike-RBD), as well as against the complete Nucleocapsid protein and the RNA binding domain (N-RBD) were determined at baseline and weekly following CP infusion. Neutralizing antibody (pseudotype NAb) titers were determined at the same time points. Viral loads were determined semi-quantitatively by SARS-CoV-2 PCR. Patients with low humoral responses at entry showed a robust increase of antibodies to all SARS-CoV-2 proteins and Nab, reaching peak levels within 2 weeks. The rapid increase in binding and neutralizing antibodies was paralleled by a concomitant clearance of the virus within the same timeframe. Patients with high humoral responses at entry demonstrated low or no further increases; however, virus clearance followed the same trajectory as in patients with low antibody response at baseline. Together, the sequential immunological and virological analysis of this well-defined cohort of patients early in infection shows the presence of high levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies and potent clearance of the virus.

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“…To detect SARS-CoV-2, the extraction and identification of the proteins are necessary. Typically, SARS-CoV-2 contains four known structural proteins: surface spike protein (S protein with two subunits, S1 and S2 forming homotrimers) for viral entry into the host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the small envelope (E) glycoprotein for the production and maturation of the virus, membrane (M) glycoprotein for stabilizing the complex between nucleocapsid (N) protein and virus RNA, and N protein for regulating replication cycle of virus RNA and the response of the infected cells (Figure 1a) [40]. S and N proteins are the most popular biomarkers and potential vaccine targets of SARS-CoV-2 due to their high concentration and corresponding roles [41].…”

Section: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa)-based Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocomposites Biosensors for Virus Detection before and during COVID-19 Outbreak

et al. 2021

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The deadly Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become one of the most challenging pandemics in the last century. Clinical diagnosis reports a high infection rate within a large population and a rapid mutation rate upon every individual infection. The polymerase chain reaction has been a powerful and gold standard molecular diagnostic technique over the past few decades and hence a promising tool to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sequences. However, it can be costly and involved in complicated processes with a high demand for on-site tests. This pandemic emphasizes the critical need for designing cost-effective and fast diagnosis strategies to prevent a potential viral source by ultrasensitive and selective biosensors. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanocomposites have been developed with unique physical and chemical properties crucial for building up nucleic acid and protein biosensors. In this review, we cover various types of 2D TMD biosensors available for virus detection via the mechanisms of photoluminescence/optical, field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical signals. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of 2D TMD nanocomposite systems for sensing proteins/nucleic acid from different types of lethal viruses. Finally, we identify and discuss the advantages and limitations of TMD-based nanocomposites biosensors for viral recognition.

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What do we know about the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2?

Cited by 25 publications

References 69 publications

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Specific and Neutralizing Antibodies over Seven Months after Symptom Onset in COVID-19 Patients

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Specific and Neutralizing Antibodies over Seven Months after Symptom Onset in COVID-19 Patients

Kinetics of Nucleocapsid, Spike and Neutralizing Antibodies, and Viral Load in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Treated with Convalescent Plasma

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocomposites Biosensors for Virus Detection before and during COVID-19 Outbreak

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