“…The result was not consistent with some previously reported works, who argued that prior knowledge influence basic-learning skill scores (James et al, 2008;Lambić & Lipkovski, 2012;Lin & Liou, 2019;Mutodi & Ngirande, 2014;Reinholz & Gillingham, 2017;Richardson et al, 2012). Meanwhile other authors (Fernández & Figueiras, 2014;Flitcroft & Woods, 2018;H. C. Hill et al, 2004;Hollingsworth & Knight-McKenna, 2018;Kizito et al, 2016;Remillard, 2005;Schlomer, 2017;Tachie & Molepo, 2019) revealed the other variables that impact basic-learning skill scores in mathematics, including students' workload, teachers' knowledge, curriculum, and pedagogy.…”