What happens when children encounter an error?

Smulders, Silvan F. A.; Soetens, Eric; Molen, Maurits W. van der

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.004

Cited by 33 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…The present results yielded a developmental decrease in the size of the SCM effect on all three tasks, although the exact pattern differed between tasks. A developmental decrease is consistent with previous reports of age-related changes in the speed of responding following conflict (Huizinga and Van der Molen, 2011 ; Van de Laar et al, 2011 ; Larson et al, 2012 ; Araujo et al, 2015 ; Cragg, 2016 ; Smulders et al, 2016 ; but see Waxer and Morton, 2011 ). The results obtained using a Simon task are consistent with the findings reported previously by Araujo et al ( 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Thus, Notebaert et al ( 2006 ) reported that the performance changes following conflict elicited by in a Stroop task did not occur in adults when the stimulus-to-response interval (RSI) was very short (i.e., 50 ms) while they were clearly present when RSI was lengthened to 200 ms (but see Egner et al, 2010 , for contrasting findings using longer RSIs). This observation suggests that the control measures resulting in SCM require some time for appropriate implementation and it can be expected that young children need more time than adults (e.g., Smulders et al, 2016 ). To address this issue, we examined age-related change in SCM vis-à-vis the manipulation of RSI (either 50 or 500 ms between trial blocks).…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Do Children Deal With Conflict? A Developmental Study of Sequential Conflict Modulation

2018

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This study examined age-related differences in sequential conflict modulation (SCM), elicited in three tasks requiring the inhibition of pre-potent responses; a Simon task, an S-R compatibility (SRC) task and a hybrid Choice-reaction/NoGo task. The primary focus was on age-related changes in performance changes following a conflict trial. A secondary aim was to assess whether SCM follows different developmental trajectories depending on the type of conflict elicited by the tasks. The tasks were presented to three different groups of participants with an age range between 7- to 25-years—one group of participants for each task. For each task, the response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) was manipulated (50 vs. 500 ms) across trial blocks to assess time-dependent changes in conflict modulation. The results showed SCM for all three tasks, although the specific patterns differed between tasks and RSIs. Importantly, the magnitude of SCM decreased with advancing age, but this developmental trend did not survive when considering age-group differences in basic response speed. The current results contribute to the emerging evidence suggesting that patterns of SCM are task specific and were interpreted in terms of multiple bottom-up control mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Children Deal With Conflict? A Developmental Study of Sequential Conflict Modulation

2018

Self Cite

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“…The developmental trajectory of PES is also unclear. Smulders et al (2016) concluded that earlier findings were conflicting, with both increases, decreases and no changes in PES during childhood and adolescence being reported. As for PIA, Wessel (2018) postulates that it only occurs for trials with large inter-trial intervals of a second or more, with accuracy instead decreasing on post-error trials if the interval is short.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Error processing in the adolescent brain: Age-related differences in electrophysiology, behavioral adaptation, and brain morphology

Øverbye

Walhovd

Paus

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Detecting errors and adjusting behaviour appropriately are fundamental cognitive abilities that are known to improve through adolescence. The underlying mechanisms of this development, however, are still poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a thorough investigation of error processing in a Flanker task in a cross-sectional sample of participants 8 to 19 years of age (n = 98). We examined age-differences in event related potentials known to be associated with error processing, namely the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), as well as their relationships with task performance, post-error adjustments and regional cingulate cortex thickness and surface area. We found that ERN amplitude increased with age, while Pe amplitude remained constant. A more negative ERN was associated with higher task accuracy and faster reaction times, while a more positive Pe was associated with higher accuracy, independently of age. When estimating post-error adjustments from trials following both incongruent and congruent trials, post-error slowing and post-error improvement in accuracy both increased with age, but this was only found for posterror slowing when only analysing trials following incongruent trials. There were no age-independent associations between either ERN or Pe amplitude and cingulate cortex thickness or area measures.

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“…Studies report that already young children (from the age of 7 years) show evidence for post error slowing [40]. Other studies reported developmental decreases in posterror slowing suggesting more efficient error monitoring as children get older [41]. working memory performance [14].…”

Section: Neural Perspective On Hierarchical Representation (Basic To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Perspectives on Cognitive Control Development during Childhood and Adolescence

Crone

Steinbeis

2017

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

215

148

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Since the discovery that patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) show similar deficits in cognitive control as young children, the PFC model of cognitive control development has been a popular description of how cognitive control emerges over time. In this review, we show that not only do many studies support this model, but also that more specific models of PFC development can be formulated, according to the functional roles of subregions and by taking into account the distinctions within ventral-dorsal and lateral-medial PFC. We also reveal that the functional development of dorsolateral PFC supports the development of deliberative processes, whereas that of the medial PFC supports the development of internalized decisions. These new conceptualizations may provide better descriptions of the complexity of cognitive control development.

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What happens when children encounter an error?

Cited by 33 publications

References 115 publications

How Do Children Deal With Conflict? A Developmental Study of Sequential Conflict Modulation

How Do Children Deal With Conflict? A Developmental Study of Sequential Conflict Modulation

Error processing in the adolescent brain: Age-related differences in electrophysiology, behavioral adaptation, and brain morphology

Neural Perspectives on Cognitive Control Development during Childhood and Adolescence

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