SUMMARYWe outline a policy approach to promoting clean, shared growth among the newly industrializing economies of Asia. By clean, shared growth, we mean a process of sustainable economic development that yields both improvements in environmental quality (locally and globally) and continued enhancement of socio-economic welfare. The critical challenge is that of reducing the energy, materials, pollution and waste intensity of urban-industrial activity. The critical opportunity lies in influencing the technology choices and management of new urban and industrial investment. To meet this challenge, public policy must go beyond controlling pollution to the adoption of policies that drive down the energy, materials, pollution and waste intensity of urban-industrial activity in a dynamic of continuous improvement and superior performance. For this to succeed, the policy response must go beyond environmental regulation to encompass a coordinated array of interventions in industrial, technology, trade and urban policy, and promote pro-environmental forces emerging in civil society, the private sector, and global governance. Public policy must promote performance measurement as a basis for harnessing market forces, community engagement, and private ordering to the goal of clean shared growth in Asia. Once identified, measured and tracked as an issue of economic performance, then the environmental intensity of economic activity becomes more susceptible to the force of the market and of society at large, whether this be through consumer demand, community pressure, or supply chain management. The openness of East Asian economies to trade, investment and technology, combined with growing public concern with the environment, and the increasing globalization of markets and information flows, suggest that these latter forces can be powerful drivers of improved environmental performance. Public policy has a key role to play in bringing these drivers to bear on the investment and technology decisions of private industry, and in fostering a clear performance orientation among firms.
THE CHALLENGE OF CLEAN SHARED GROWTH IN ASIAThe environmental problems of developing Asia are now well documented. The combination of rapid urban-industrial growth and de facto 'grow now and clean up later' environmental strategies have resulted in low energy efficiency within industry, natural resource depletion, materials-intensive production, polluted rivers and ground-water supplies, and unhealthy air in many Asian cities. According to the Asian Development Bank (Lohani 1998), average levels of air particulates in Asia over the period 1991-95 were approximately five-fold higher than in OECD countries and twice the world average (see Table 1). Measures of water pollution, such as BOD levels and levels of suspended solids, were also substantially above world averages. Prior to the current crisis, energy demand in Asia was doubling every 12 years and demand for electricity was growing two to three times faster than GDP, resulting in major increases i...