What is “high-quality, twenty-first century” anyway?

Lim, Chin Leng; Elms, Deborah; Low, Patrick

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139236775.005

“…Pomimo rosnącej liczby krajów negocjujących TPP i różnic w poziomie ich rozwoju gospodarczego, spodziewane korzyści z członkostwa zdecydowały o dużym zaangażowaniu poszczególnych krajów w negocjacjach i zdolności do osią-gania kompromisów, nawet w przypadku tematów "wrażliwych". Świadczyło to o tym, że negocjacje prowadzone były przez kraje-jak to określił Helble (2017, s. 4) -będące "koalicją chętnych" (coalition of the willing) czy -według Elms (Lim, Elms, Low, 2012, s. 4) -"podzielające te same wartości i normy" (like-minded). Ostatecznie tekst Umowy TPP zawiera 30 rozdziałów (chapters) z aneksami i harmonogramami liberalizacji.…”

Section: Negocjacje Tppunclassified

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP ) Without The United States

Żołądkiewicz

¹

2017

Studia I Prace WNEiZ

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*Uniwersytet Gdański porozumienie tranSpacyficzne (tpp) bez Stanów zjednoczonych streszczenie W artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia zmian zachodzących w Porozumieniu Transpacyficznym (The Trans-Pacific Partnership -TPP) w kontekście wycofania się Stanów Zjednoczonych z członkostwa w tym ugrupowaniu oraz ukazania alternatywnego wyjścia, jakim ma być powołanie TPP-11. Jest to problem ważny, ponieważ TPP miało integrować gospodarki 12 państw regionu Azji-Pacyfiku, który odgrywa kluczową rolę w gospodarce światowej. Jednocześnie TPP może być wzorem dla innych ugrupowań ze wzglę-du na osiągniętą jakość wynegocjowanych klauzul. Badania przeprowadzono posługując się metodą opisową na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz publikacji i dokumentów WTO, rządów krajów uczestniczących w negocjacjach TPP i TPP-11. Opracowanie jest przyczynkiem do dyskusji nad regionalizmem azjatyckim.

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“…However, it is expected to be a "high-quality, twenty-first-century" agreement (C. L. Lim. Deborah K. Elms and Patric Low, 2012) with the inclusion of labor standards which are likely to be enforced through a mechanism of material conditionality as pursued by the US (which is the argument of this thesis). If this is the case, the "California effect" will spread labor standards further because the TPP is a broad channel -a plurilateral FTA rather than the more common bilateral FTAs in the region.…”

Section: Labor Standards Diffusion By Means Of Linking To Trade In Asia and Research Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deborah K. Elms and Patric Low, 2012). Together the twelve countries participating in TPP negotiations make up 40% of the world's population and account for nearly 60% of global GDP (Williams, June 2013, p. 2).…”

Section: Promotional or Conditional Tpp?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The diffusion of norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and the resolution of disputes in the Asia-Pacific, in particular among signatory countries of the TPP

Pham¹

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<p>People are central to economic development. Workers are relatively vulnerable compared to the other factors of the economy, including governments and employers. Because violations of workers’ rights and poor working conditions are prevalent, especially in developing countries, the diffusion of internationally recognized labor standards is now emerging as a critical process in the world. This is a process by which internationally recognized labor rights are transferred between countries by various means with the expectation of improving labor conditions world-wide. For this process to be successful, it is important that not only labor standards but also rules and mechanisms for their enforcement be diffused. The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP) is currently under negotiation. The TPP is expected to be the first “high-quality, twenty-first-century agreement” in the world. Norm entrepreneurs have chosen the TPP to be a channel for the diffusion of labor standards in the Asia-Pacific. How is the TPP likely to diffuse the norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and dispute resolution? Will it be by means of goodwill, cooperation and consensus or through material conditionality? Labor rights are human rights which must be upheld and promoted. The answer to the above empirical question is very important to the policy-makers of signatory countries of the TPP, given that labor standards are considered to be a sensitive issue in many Asian countries. Their concerns are grounded in history. The Government of Poland and the communist system in Eastern Europe were brought down as a result of the implementation of labor rights in the 1980s¹. How to implement these rights without causing social and political disorder is a complex question for policy-makers in the TPP countries. The thesis reviews the literature on theoretical norm diffusion and labor standards as well as provides the empirical evidence of past diffusion of labor standards in order to identify which mechanisms of diffusion are likely to prevail in the field of labor standards in the Asia-Pacific region. It answers who are the drivers of diffusion. It draws on the record of all signed FTAs in the region to provide an empirical foundation for its projection about the likely content of the TPP in terms of rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards. ¹ After the rights to organize freely and to strike was recognized by the Government of Poland, the Solidarity Unions was formed and after many ups and downs of its evolution, finally it had led successfully the overthrow of the communist Government of Poland and “played a central role in the demise of communism across the Soviet bloc, changing forever the course of history in Europe”. Read more at http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060898.html, and http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1969_detente/fall_of_communism.html</p>

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“…However, it is expected to be a "high-quality, twenty-first-century" agreement (C. L. Lim. Deborah K. Elms and Patric Low, 2012) with the inclusion of labor standards which are likely to be enforced through a mechanism of material conditionality as pursued by the US (which is the argument of this thesis). If this is the case, the "California effect" will spread labor standards further because the TPP is a broad channel -a plurilateral FTA rather than the more common bilateral FTAs in the region.…”

Section: Labor Standards Diffusion By Means Of Linking To Trade In Asia and Research Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deborah K. Elms and Patric Low, 2012). Together the twelve countries participating in TPP negotiations make up 40% of the world's population and account for nearly 60% of global GDP (Williams, June 2013, p. 2).…”

Section: Promotional or Conditional Tpp?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The diffusion of norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and the resolution of disputes in the Asia-Pacific, in particular among signatory countries of the TPP

Pham¹

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>People are central to economic development. Workers are relatively vulnerable compared to the other factors of the economy, including governments and employers. Because violations of workers’ rights and poor working conditions are prevalent, especially in developing countries, the diffusion of internationally recognized labor standards is now emerging as a critical process in the world. This is a process by which internationally recognized labor rights are transferred between countries by various means with the expectation of improving labor conditions world-wide. For this process to be successful, it is important that not only labor standards but also rules and mechanisms for their enforcement be diffused. The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP) is currently under negotiation. The TPP is expected to be the first “high-quality, twenty-first-century agreement” in the world. Norm entrepreneurs have chosen the TPP to be a channel for the diffusion of labor standards in the Asia-Pacific. How is the TPP likely to diffuse the norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and dispute resolution? Will it be by means of goodwill, cooperation and consensus or through material conditionality? Labor rights are human rights which must be upheld and promoted. The answer to the above empirical question is very important to the policy-makers of signatory countries of the TPP, given that labor standards are considered to be a sensitive issue in many Asian countries. Their concerns are grounded in history. The Government of Poland and the communist system in Eastern Europe were brought down as a result of the implementation of labor rights in the 1980s¹. How to implement these rights without causing social and political disorder is a complex question for policy-makers in the TPP countries. The thesis reviews the literature on theoretical norm diffusion and labor standards as well as provides the empirical evidence of past diffusion of labor standards in order to identify which mechanisms of diffusion are likely to prevail in the field of labor standards in the Asia-Pacific region. It answers who are the drivers of diffusion. It draws on the record of all signed FTAs in the region to provide an empirical foundation for its projection about the likely content of the TPP in terms of rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards. ¹ After the rights to organize freely and to strike was recognized by the Government of Poland, the Solidarity Unions was formed and after many ups and downs of its evolution, finally it had led successfully the overthrow of the communist Government of Poland and “played a central role in the demise of communism across the Soviet bloc, changing forever the course of history in Europe”. Read more at http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060898.html, and http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1969_detente/fall_of_communism.html</p>

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What is “high-quality, twenty-first century” anyway?

Cited by 9 publications

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The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP ) Without The United States

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP ) Without The United States

The diffusion of norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and the resolution of disputes in the Asia-Pacific, in particular among signatory countries of the TPP

The diffusion of norms, rules and mechanisms for the enforcement of labor standards and the resolution of disputes in the Asia-Pacific, in particular among signatory countries of the TPP

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