What sounds like Aedes, acts like Aedes, but is not Aedes? Lessons from dengue virus control for the management of invasive Anopheles

Allan, Richard; Budge, Sophie; Sauskojus, Hendrik

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00454-5

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Through integrated vector management, existing Aedes programs could be leveraged by providing training for An. stephensi identification 41 . Similarly, in locations where An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling marine cargo traffic to identify countries in Africa with greatest risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi

Ahn

Sinka²,

Irish³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector native to South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, was detected in Djibouti’s seaport, followed by Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Nigeria. If An. stephensi introduction is facilitated through seatrade, similar to other invasive mosquitoes, the identification of at-risk countries are needed to increase surveillance and response efforts. Bilateral maritime trade data is used to (1) identify coastal African countries which were highly connected to select An. stephensi endemic countries, (2) develop a prioritization list of countries based on the likelihood of An. stephensi introduction through maritime trade index (LASIMTI), and (3) use network analysis of intracontinental maritime trade to determine likely introduction pathways. Sudan and Djibouti were ranked as the top two countries with LASIMTI in 2011, which were the first two coastal African countries where An. stephensi was detected. With Djibouti and Sudan included as source populations, 2020 data identify Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania, and Morocco as the top countries with LASIMTI. Network analysis highlight South Africa, Mauritius, Ghana, and Togo. These tools can prioritize efforts for An. stephensi surveillance and control in Africa. Surveillance in seaports of identified countries may limit further expansion of An. stephensi by serving as an early warning system.

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“…Through integrated vector management, existing Aedes programs could be leveraged by providing training for An. stephensi identification 41 . Similarly, in locations where An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling marine cargo traffic to identify countries in Africa with greatest risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi

Ahn

Sinka²,

Irish³

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With enough lead time, mosquito control agencies may be able to successfully leverage knowledge, experience, and tools for controlling other urban container-breeding mosquitoes to suppress the proliferation of invasive An . stephensi [ 6 ]. For example, dengue fever surveillance and control programmes that target Ae .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping current and future thermal limits to suitability for malaria transmission by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi

Ryan

Lippi

Villena

et al. 2023

Malar J

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Background Anopheles stephensi is a malaria-transmitting mosquito that has recently expanded from its primary range in Asia and the Middle East, to locations in Africa. This species is a competent vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Perhaps most alarming, the characteristics of An. stephensi, such as container breeding and anthropophily, make it particularly adept at exploiting built environments in areas with no prior history of malaria risk. Methods In this paper, global maps of thermal transmission suitability and people at risk (PAR) for malaria transmission by An. stephensi were created, under current and future climate. Temperature-dependent transmission suitability thresholds derived from recently published species-specific thermal curves were used to threshold gridded, monthly mean temperatures under current and future climatic conditions. These temperature driven transmission models were coupled with gridded population data for 2020 and 2050, under climate-matched scenarios for future outcomes, to compare with baseline predictions for 2020 populations. Results Using the Global Burden of Disease regions approach revealed that heterogenous regional increases and decreases in risk did not mask the overall pattern of massive increases of PAR for malaria transmission suitability with An. stephensi presence. General patterns of poleward expansion for thermal suitability were seen for both P. falciparum and P. vivax transmission potential. Conclusions Understanding the potential suitability for An. stephensi transmission in a changing climate provides a key tool for planning, given an ongoing invasion and expansion of the vector. Anticipating the potential impact of onward expansion to transmission suitable areas, and the size of population at risk under future climate scenarios, and where they occur, can serve as a large-scale call for attention, planning, and monitoring.

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“…stephensi , implementors and local authorities must seek to understand how they might integrate programmes into current management strategies (including those designed to manage Aedes species) to deliver effective, pragmatic, and timely control. Current challenges surrounding integrated vector management programmes and those faced by implementing bodies and relevant organisations, as well as the lessons that can (and should) be learned from previous and current Aedes control programmes are described elsewhere [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of the presence of Anopheles stephensi among internally displaced people’s camps and host communities in Aden city, Yemen

Allan

Weetman

Sauskojus

et al. 2023

Malar J

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Background Declines in global malaria cases and deaths since the millennium are currently challenged by multiple factors including funding limitations, limits of, and resistance to vector control tools, and also recent spread of the invasive vector species, Anopheles stephensi—especially into novel urban settings where malaria rates are typically low. Coupled with general increases in urbanization and escalations in the number of conflicts creating rapid and unplanned population displacement into temporary shelter camps within host urban areas, particularly in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, increased urban malaria is a major threat to control and elimination. Methods Entomological monitoring surveys (targeting Aedes aegypti) of water containers across urban areas hosting internally displaced people (IDP) communities in Aden city, Yemen, were performed by The MENTOR Initiative, a non-governmental organisation. As part of these surveys in 2021 23 larvae collected and raised to adults were morphologically identified as An. stephensi. Twelve of the samples were sent to Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for independent morphological assessment and genetic analysis by sequencing the ribosomal ITS2 region and the mitochondrial COI gene. Results All twelve samples were confirmed morphologically and by sequence comparison of the single ITS2 and COI haplotype detected to the NCBI BLAST database as An. stephensi. Phylogenetic analysis with comparable COI sequences indicated close relationship to haplotypes found in Djibouti and Ethiopia. Conclusion The study results confirm the presence of An. stephensi in Yemen. Confirmation of the species in multiple urban communities hosting thousands of IDPs living in temporary shelters with widescale dependency on open water containers is of particular concern due to the vulnerability of the population and abundance of favourable breeding sites for the vector. Proactive monitoring and targeted integrated vector management are required to limit impacts in this area of typically low malaria transmission, and to prevent further the spread of An. stephensi within the region.

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What sounds like Aedes, acts like Aedes, but is not Aedes? Lessons from dengue virus control for the management of invasive Anopheles

Cited by 23 publications

References 21 publications

Modeling marine cargo traffic to identify countries in Africa with greatest risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi

Modeling marine cargo traffic to identify countries in Africa with greatest risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi

Mapping current and future thermal limits to suitability for malaria transmission by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi

Confirmation of the presence of Anopheles stephensi among internally displaced people’s camps and host communities in Aden city, Yemen

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