What the Face RevealsBasic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Ekman, Paul; Rosenberg, Erika L.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179644.001.0001

Cited by 1,148 publications

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“…Finally, the success of the FACS itself means that there are many paradigms developed for studies with humans, some of which may be suitable for modification for studies with chimpanzees (see Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005). That is, the development of ChimpFACS allows for directly comparable methods to be employed in cross-species research and contribute to the questions surrounding both chimpanzee communication and the evolution of human facial expressions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stronger actions can cause appearance changes beneath the eyes, namely, bagging in the lower eyelid, narrowing of the eye aperture, and the appearance of crow's feet. Given the theoretical significance of distinguishing whether AU12 Lip Corner Puller is co-occuring with AU6 Cheek Raise (to produce a Duchenne or felt smile, as opposed to AU12 alone which is termed nonDuchenne or social smile) it is important to distinguish between changes around the eye caused by stronger actions of AU12 which may also mask those indicative of AU6 (see Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005). The best cues that AU6 is also acting are the slight lowering of the lateral brow and the slight raise of the medial cheek; these changes are not seen when AU12 occurs independently.…”

Section: Au12 Lip Cornermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While many studies measure the inferences made by observers when viewing faces, some questions are better addressed by measuring what the face itself does (Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005). FACS is anatomically based and describes minimal units of facial movement called Action Units (AUs) with detailed descriptions of the resulting changes in facial appearance 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the use of multiple redundant cues addresses the often overlooked interaction between underlying muscle movements and the considerable individual variation in facial morphology, which impacts the precise form of observable appearance changes (Ekman & Friesen, 1978;Marsh, Adams, & Kleck, 2005;Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). The development of such a comprehensive coding system with the common language of AUs, with numerical codes and neutral labelling, has enabled researchers across a wide variety of sub-disciplines, often with diverging theoretical positions, to communicate and evaluate findings using a common language (see Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

et al. 2006

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A comparative perspective has remained central to the study of human facial expressions since Darwin's [(1872Darwin's [( /1998. The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press] insightful observations on the presence and significance of cross-species continuities and species-unique phenomena. However, cross-species comparisons are often difficult to draw due to methodological limitations. We report the application of a common methodology, the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to examine facial movement across two species of hominoids, namely humans and chimpanzees. FACS [Ekman & Friesen (1978). Facial action coding system. CA: Consulting Psychology Press] has been employed to identify the repertoire of human facial movements. We demonstrate that FACS can be applied to other species, but highlight that any modifications must be based on both underlying anatomy and detailed observational analysis of movements. Here we describe the ChimpFACS and use it to compare the repertoire of facial movement in chimpanzees and humans. While the underlying mimetic musculature shows minimal differences, important differences in facial morphology impact upon the identification and detection of related surface appearance changes across these two species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Au12 Lip Cornermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

et al. 2006

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“…In FACS, the DS is identified as a combination of AU12 (lip corners pulling, by the action of the zygomaticus major) and AU6 (cheek raising, by the action of the orbicularis oculi), and differentiated from NDS, which does not involve AU6. For a detailed description of FACS, see Ekman and Rosenberg (2005).…”

Section: Coding Of Facial Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial expression of positive emotions in individuals with eating disorders

Dapelo

Hart

Hale

et al. 2015

Psychiatry Research

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first and second authors contributed equally to this publication  AN showed Duchenne smiles for shorter durations than BN and HC participants. AN participants' Duchenne smiles were less intense than those of BN and HC. Reduced Duchenne smile was related to low BMI, and use of medication. Results provide further evidence of difficulties in emotion processing in AN. AbstractA large body of research has associated Eating Disorders with difficulties in socioemotional functioning and it has been argued that they may serve to maintain the illness. This study aimed to explore facial expressions of positive emotions in individuals with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) compared to healthy controls (HC), through an examination of the Duchenne smile (DS), which has been associated with feelings of enjoyment, amusement and happiness . Sixty participants (AN=20; BN=20; HC=20) were videotaped while watching a humorous film clip. The duration and intensity of DS were subsequently analysed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (Ekman and Friesen, 2003). Participants with AN displayed DS for shorter durations than BN and HC participants, and their DS had lower intensity. In the clinical groups, lower duration and intensity of DS were associated with lower BMI, and use of psychotropic medication.The study is the first to explore DS in people with eating disorders, providing further evidence of difficulties in the socio-emotional domain in people with AN.

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Ekman, Paul

Rich

2013

The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology

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Paul Ekman was born February 15, 1934 in Washington, DC. His mother committed suicide when he was 14, and Ekman reported that this led to his desire to become a psychologist. He attended the University of Chicago from 1949 to 1952, and received his B.A. from New York University in 1954. He completed the Ph.D. at Adelphi University in 1958. He served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps from 1958 to 1960, as chief psychologist at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and became a first lieutenant. In 1972 he became a professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he remained until 2004. Ekman married Mary Ann Mason, the past dean of graduate studies (2000–2007), and professor at the School of Law at the University of California‐Berkeley. They have two children.

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What the Face RevealsBasic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Cited by 1,148 publications

References 0 publications

A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Facial expression of positive emotions in individuals with eating disorders

Ekman, Paul

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