Biomass conversion strategies have been taking hold of the scientific community agenda in the evolution of renewable chemical and energy industries. Nonetheless, biomass conversion yet presents challenges due to its structural complexity, and high reactivity of the oxygen functionalities. This review aims to indicate the reader the main encountered difficulties in the conversion of plant-derived feedstocks and byproducts/waste, with a focus on the catalytic approaches taken so far and the efforts of our research group into contributing to a future bio-based economy.Fe2O3-PS nanomaterial. The latter nanocomposite also had comparable catalytic activity to the magnetic counterpart in the microwave-assisted alkylation of toluene after 3 minutes reaction, while the synthesized TiO2-Fe2O3-PS composite presented lower alkylation activity. Although not obvious from this work, a synergistic effect of earth abundant material, iron oxide, and carbon residues can be evidenced, in particular in oxidation reactions. In fact, our work on the use of iron oxide/humins nanocomposites in the microwaveassisted selective oxidation of isoeugenol's double bond to vanillin (Figure 9) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions (<150 °C, autogenous pressure) [91] has drawn similar conclusions (supported also by Bohre et al. [84]).