When Interviewers Desire to Confirm Negative Expectations: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Inflated Applicant Self-Perceptions

INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES: The Interplay of Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral Activities in Social Interaction

“…Recent studies provide a new perspective on such hypothesis-testing activities, suggesting that confirmatory strategies may reflect perceivers' social competence and may help to create an appearance of empathy between perceivers and targets (B Dardenne, manuscript in preparation; Dardenne & Leyens 1995;Leyens 1989;Leyens et al 1998). Thus, confirmatory strategies may have social value, increasing the smoothness and pleasantness of interaction; intriguingly, a recent study by Judice & Neuberg (1998) demonstrated that perceivers seeking to explicitly confirm negative expectations also created more smooth and pleasing interactions than those seeking accurate impressions. Therefore, confirmatory strategies may occur via two routes: one rather effortless and automatic and one relatively effortful and intentional (SA Goodwin, ST Fiske, VY Yzerbyt, manuscript under review).…”

“…Researchers have also examined targets' self-conceptions after interactions with perceivers who hold incongruent expectations of them (Fazio et al 1981, Swann & Ely 1984. In some studies, targets retained their original self-conceptions even when providing behavioral confirmation (Judice & Neuberg 1998, Vorauer & Miller 1997. In other studies, targets changed their self-conceptions in the direction of the expectations they had confirmed (Fazio et al 1981, Harris 1990, Snyder & Swann 1978a.…”

“…Another line of work on the goals of perceivers and targets has been pursued by Neuberg (Judice & Neuberg 1998;Neuberg 1989Neuberg , 1994Neuberg , 1996aNeuberg et al 1993;Smith et al 1997). Neuberg (1989) has demonstrated that perceivers who were motivated to gain an accurate understanding of targets were more likely to elicit disconfirmation than confirmation.…”

Can Sex‐Undifferentiated Teacher Expectations Mask an Influence of Sex Stereotypes? Alternative Forms of Sex Bias in Teacher Expectations1

“…First, the experts were asked to evaluate the students as accurately as possible. Several studies have indicated that when perceivers are motivated to elaborate an accurate impression of the target, they allocate more attention to the target's individuating information (e.g., Madon, Guyll, Hilbert, Kyriakatos, & Vogel, 2006), and their judgments are not affected by stereotypes (e.g., Judice & Neuberg, 1998; for a review, see Snyder & Stukas, 1999). Second, the ratings were made in reference to standardized criteria that are relative to the execution of the task.…”

Assessing the accuracy of perceptions of intelligence based on heritable facial features

“…For instance, in educational settings, pre-conceived perceptions of intelligence can influence a student's academic performance (Brophy, 1983;Dunkel & Murphy, 2014;Jussim, 1989; but see Jussim & Harber, 2005). In an employment setting, interviewers are likely to seek to confirm pre-conceived intelligence evaluations, which can affect their judgement during hiring decisions (Judice & Neuberg, 1998). Perceptions of intelligence have also been found to influence leadership decisions (Spisak, Blaker, Lefevre, Moore, & Krebbers, 2014).…”