2014
DOI: 10.1017/s0020859014000145
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When Unpaid Workers Need a Legal Status: Family Workers and Reforms to Labour Rights in Twentieth-Century France

Abstract: In the second half of the twentieth century small family businesses were still widespread in France. An important reason for this resilience was the share of unpaid work performed by kin in producing for the market. The unpaid work of family members in a range of craft and commercial family businesses – particularly by spouses, sons, and daughters – contributed to both the survival of the businesses and the well-being of the families, as is testified to in numerous sources, albeit statistically undocumented. A… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…165–187) . The process of naturalization of housework, what US historian Jeanne Boydston called its pastoralization for the early 19th century with the industrial revolution, made the contributions of mothers and wives to family businesses invisible, a form of labor that French historian Manuela Martini has shown became subject to law and thus more visible (Boydston, ; Martini, ).…”
Section: Unwaged Family Labor: Giving Value In the 1970smentioning
confidence: 99%
“…165–187) . The process of naturalization of housework, what US historian Jeanne Boydston called its pastoralization for the early 19th century with the industrial revolution, made the contributions of mothers and wives to family businesses invisible, a form of labor that French historian Manuela Martini has shown became subject to law and thus more visible (Boydston, ; Martini, ).…”
Section: Unwaged Family Labor: Giving Value In the 1970smentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In France, for example, the increase in salaried work for spouses in rural areas reflects a recent and relatively late transformation of rural society in this country. And it is no coincidence that the requirement to declare the status of an unpaid collaborating spouse in the crafts and trade sectors was enacted in the new millennium (Martini, 2014). Moreover, as Céline Bessière's economic ethnological work shows, this does not preclude a complete absence of collaboration from salaried spouses outside of the family business in the household's activities; gender dynamics are at play here, with more wives than husbands in the role of collaborator on the one hand, and the "problematic" position of the male partner on the other.…”
Section: Tracking the Unpaid Market Work: A Historical Perspectivementioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the pivotal 1970 -1980 period, social law reform, directly affecting work relations in a couple's or family business, went hand in hand with family law reform in most European countries, virtually all of which underwent significant reform in the mid-1970s. While they were extraordinarily innovative, these reforms encountered obvious and difficult barriers to overcome in the practices of actors who were loath to think, let alone act in accordance with their economic individuality within the family's collective production (Martini, 2014). The survival of unpaid work is at stake as long as market principles and family principles become entangled in the family workshop.…”
Section: Gender and Intergenerational Relations Between Workhop And mentioning
confidence: 99%