When will the arrival of China's secondary aluminum era?

Li, Yun; Yue, Qiang; He, Jiangen; Zhao, Feng; Wang, Heming

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101573

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Aluminum, as one of the most abundant metal elements on the earth, is widely used due to its excellent properties and huge bauxite reserves, of which global bauxite resources are estimated to be between 55 and 75 billion tons. Primary aluminum production reached 63.70 million tons in 2019, making it second only to steel in consumption (raw steel production reached 19 billion tons in 2019) [1,2]. Figure 1 shows the change in alumina production from China and other countries or regions in the past 20 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress on the Industrial Applications of Red Mud with a Focus on China

et al. 2020

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Red mud (RM), also called bauxite residue, is a strong alkaline industrial waste generated during the alumina production process. The annual production of RM in China is large, but its average utilization rate is low (only 4%). High generation and low consumption make the disposal of RM mainly by stockpiling, which has caused serious heavy metal pollution and radioactive contamination. In this paper, the various industrial utilization methods of RM in China during the past 60 years have been introduced. Moreover, some recent industrial progresses were referred. The results show that RM can be widely used in building materials, valuable metals extraction, and some novel utilization methods, such as silica-calcium fertilizer, inorganic polymer material and desulfurizer. Most of the industrial utilization methods of RM have been used until now and some successfully applied to other aluminum plants, providing some feasible routes for a large amount utilization of RM. Some industrial utilization methods (such as oil well cement and calcium silicon fertilizer) have not been used due to some problems that cannot be ignored, but it provided a lot of valuable experience and was helpful for the subsequent RM utilization. Moreover, some novel and feasible RM utilization methods were proposed and successfully industrialized, which showed that RM has a broader application prospect. Many actual practices showed that the best way to safely dispose of RM was to develop technology that could consume large amounts of RM or transform it into secondary resources, which may need more time and effort.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress on the Industrial Applications of Red Mud with a Focus on China

et al. 2020

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“…Recycled content (%) 34% in 2020 19 and increasing to 75% in 2050 iv. Regeneration coe cient 83% from Li et al 20 (includes collection and recycling e ciency)…”

Section: Aluminium Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4(a) and (b) show the predicted annual and cumulative emissions from primary and secondary aluminium production when 33% and 100%, respectively, of China's forecast secondary aluminium pool 20 is available for added PV capacity. Both projections assume the base primary emissions reduction scenario from Fig.…”

Section: Aluminium Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aluminium is one of the most recycled and most recyclable materials on the market today 17 . It is attractive to recycle because its secondary production requires only ~ 5% of the energy required for primary production 18 and generates just 3-5% of the emissions from primary production [18][19][20] . Nearly 75% of all the aluminium produced is still in use today [21][22][23] and end-of-life (EOL) recycling rates are estimated at 34-63% 19,21−23 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In our GWP analysis, we use current estimates of primary production emissions intensity in China and consider different emissions reduction scenarios. Our modelling assumes that the available secondary aluminium in China is as forecast by Li et al 20, and we evaluate the sensitivity of our estimated GWP arising from the required aluminium demand to the fraction of that secondary pool which is available for the PV capacity additions. We conclude by discussing paths by which this imminent aluminium demand risk can be addressed in terms of possible PV technology decisions and technology advancements which will be required to realise reductions in the aluminium emissions intensity.…”

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The aluminium demand risk of terawatt photovoltaics for net zero emissions by 2050

et al. 2022

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The broad electri cation scenario of recent photovoltaics roadmaps predicts that by 2050 we will need more than 60 TW of photovoltaics installed and be producing up to 4.5 TW of additional capacity each year if we are to rapidly reduce emissions to 'net-zero' and limit global warming to < 2°C. Given that after 2020, just over 700 GWp was installed, this represents an enormous manufacturing task which will create a demand for a number of metals. We show here that growth to 60 TW of photovoltaics could require up to 480 Mt of aluminium by 2050. A key concern for this aluminium demand is its large global warming potential. We predict the cumulative emissions arising from emission reduction scenarios in China and show that rapid decarbonisation of the electricity grid within 10 years will be required if they are to be kept below 1000 Mt CO2e by 2050. MainIf global warming is to be limited to less than 2°C, emissions need to be drastically curtailed to close to net zero before 2050 1 . Various technology mitigation scenarios have been proposed to address this challenge 2-7 . However, these scenarios differ signi cantly in the extent that different clean energy technologies contribute to the required emissions reduction, and particularly, in terms of the anticipated role of solar photovoltaics (PV) 2,4−6 . Historically, technology roadmaps have signi cantly under-estimated the installed PV capacity 8,9 , and energy agencies are continually revising their technology scenarios to take into account the driving effect that rapidly reducing PV module costs 4 are having on installed PV capacities worldwide. The International Energy Agency (IEA) recently markedly increased its renewable energy projections, with solar PV predicted to now provide 32% of the world's total electricity demand by 2050. They estimate that this will require an installed PV capacity of ~ 14 TWp and annual installations of 630 GW each year by 2050 3 . However, although this target represents a large increase in the predicted contribution of solar PV over their previous reports, it still falls short of the projections of the International Technology Roadmap for PV (ITRPV)'s broad electri cation scenario which forecasts that the total capacity of installed PV needs to be at least 60 TWp by 2050 with annual installations of 4.5 TWp being required close to that date 4 . This ambitious target is projected because of the extremely low cost of PV generated electricity compared to all other energy sources. In the last 10 years, the spot price of PV modules has decreased by about 90% to be less than US$0.20/W 10 and the median levelised cost of electricity from solar PV is < US$50/MWh; less than costs of electricity from both coal and gas in many countries including the US, China, India and Australia 11 .There is now a consensus that we will need tens of TW of installed PV capacity and annual production will need to approach TW levels by 2050 9 or even sooner in order to decarbonise electricity grids 10 . Given that, at the end of 2020, there was just over 700 ...

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The Roles of Ni and Co in Dendritic Growth and Tensile Properties of Fe‐Containing Al–Si–Cu–Zn Scraps under Slow and Fast Solidification Cooling

et al. 2021

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Studies of Fe‐contaminated Al‐based scraps have drawn attention for years. However, little has been researched about the effects of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) additions to contaminated scraps both under slow solidification (directional solidification, DS) and fast solidification regime (copper mold centrifugal casting, CC). As such, the current study examines a representative low‐alloy Al–Si chemistry from industrial scraps, i.e., the Al–7%Si–0.6%Fe–0.35%Cu–0.25%Zn (% by weight). This alloy is changed independently using Ni and Co. It is observed that a mixture of uneven distributed α and β Fe‐bearing particles prevails for all tested alloys and solidification conditions. The coexistence of both phases agrees with the charts proposed by Gorny's work for the range of secondary dendritic spacing, λ 2, observed. Although the Fe‐containing particles are smaller for fast‐solidified samples, they still maintain the acute morphology and, in some cases, the Chinese script shape. This results in a reduction in ductility of the order of 65% for the nonmodified and Ni‐modified samples considering mean λ 2 varying from 20 μm (DS) to 6.5 μm (CC), despite improvements in mechanical strength. Furthermore, addition of Co results in a higher number of Fe‐based particles within the microstructure. In this case, the largest particle/α‐Al interfacial area results in slightly poor ductility (~6–8%) and higher strength (175–205 MPa), with less ductility loss when DS and CC samples are compared.

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When will the arrival of China's secondary aluminum era?

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Progress on the Industrial Applications of Red Mud with a Focus on China

Progress on the Industrial Applications of Red Mud with a Focus on China

The aluminium demand risk of terawatt photovoltaics for net zero emissions by 2050

The Roles of Ni and Co in Dendritic Growth and Tensile Properties of Fe‐Containing Al–Si–Cu–Zn Scraps under Slow and Fast Solidification Cooling

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