When your friends matter: The effect of White students' racial friendship networks on meta-perceptions and perceived identity contingencies

Cyberbullying, Race/Ethnicity and Mental Health Outcomes: A Review of the Literature

“…From technology ownership to social media engagement, youth of color interact differently with technology and with each other compared to their white peers (Lenhart et al, 2011;Lenhart et al, 2015;Tynes & Mitchell, 2014;Wout, Murphy & Steele, 2010). As noted earlier, 85% of black youth own smartphones but are significantly less likely (40%) than their white and Hispanic peers (61% and 62%, respectively) to use their smartphones to communicate with friends on a daily basis (Lenhart et al, 2015).…”

Why and when do racial microaggressions hurt? The role of perceived diversity credentials

“…This dissertation focused on the complexity in which minorities may encounter to determine racial prejudice in everyday interactions involving racial microaggressions. People use many cues in interactions to determine acceptance or rejection (e.g., Shapiro et al, 2010;Wout et al, 2010). Although stereotypes are widely known by many people (Devine, 1989), most people vary in endorsing stereotypes (Devine & Elliot, 1995).…”

“…While racial microaggressions are generally negative for most Asian Americans , are there instances when these experiences are not viewed negatively and the perpetrator is, in a sense, given a "pass"? One way for targets to determine the perpetrator's intention is by extracting cues about the perpetrator's characteristics from a real or imagined interaction (e.g., Murphy, Steele, & Gross, 2007;Shapiro, Baldwin, Williams, & Trawalter, 2010;Wout, Murphy, & Steele, 2010).…”

“…Perceived evidence of diversity experiences may influence targets' perceptions of non-prejudice. For example, in recent research focusing on meta-perceptions and experiences, Wout, Murphy, and Steele (2010) found that Black students expected to be perceived more positively by White students who had a diverse group of close friends compared to White students with all White friends. Further, in work by Wout and colleagues (2009) mentioned earlier also found that a White evaluator who expressed non-prejudiced beliefs reduced stereotype threat among Black test-takers.…”

“…For example, Wout, Murphy, and Steele (2010) examined meta-perceptions, or how people actively attempt to determine how others perceive them, and found that Black participants anticipated and perceived a more positive interaction with White participants who had a close network of racially diverse friends than those with primarily White friends. The authors speculated that the friendship networks indicated to Black participants that these Whites were unlikely to perceive or treat them solely due to their racial group membership and unlikely to harbor racial prejudice against them.…”