Where and why does the EU impose sanctions ?

Portela, Clara

doi:10.3917/poeu.017.0083

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Wood 2009, 128. 18. See Börzel and Risse 2004;Youngs 2004;Portela 2005;Bicchi 2006;Mayer 2008;Brummer 2009;Eder 2011;and Smith 2011. 19. GDP data from World Bank 2010; military expenditure data from SIPRI 2012.…”

Section: Alternative Explanations For Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008

Kreutz¹

2014

Int Org

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Is foreign policy influenced by humanitarian concerns, or are concepts such as human security merely rhetoric for traditional power politics? Using a multilevel modeling technique and a unique data set of military and economic European Union (EU) intervention 1989–2008, I find that military and economic interventions by the EU are conducted in response to humanitarian atrocities but that geostrategic concerns also influence EU action. While the EU consistently is more likely to act against countries with greater civilian victimization, the size of the effect is influenced by spatial considerations. The EU is most attentive to human rights violations in non-EU European states, followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it has been least active in Asia and the Americas.

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Section: Alternative Explanations For Eu Foreign Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008

Kreutz¹

2014

Int Org

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“…Europe’s sharp power can also be employed to contribute to its projection of soft power. Most EU sanctions are applied outside of Europe, in its broader neighbourhood, in support of the normative goals that identify Europe: support for the rule of law, human rights, and the advancement of democratic institutions (Portela 2005). Europe’s toleration of illiberal and anti‐democratic populist tendencies internally, particularly its hesitance to apply sharp power instruments on its own members, however, undercuts its ability to project its normative power externally.…”

Section: Europe’s Normative Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Europe’s Sharp and Soft Power

Biersteker¹

2020

Global Policy

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While it lags behind the US and China in conventional hard power indicators, Europe is at par with and even ahead of them in some sharp and soft power indicators. Yet it consistently influences below its potential in world affairs. Its ability to leverage its sharp and soft power is hampered by questions of identity, coherence, and leadership, questions that are reflected in the scenario exercise itself. Is Europe defined as the EU, the EMU, or the Council of Europe, and will it continue to include the UK?The answer will be critical to enhancing Europe's power. More effective use of Europe's sharp power will require both political will and more strategic coherence in Brussels, along with some significant institutional modifications. America's abdication from global leadership creates an opportunity for the projection of Europe's soft power. Europe's normative roleboth through policy innovation and higher educationis its greatest strength, and its place in the world of 2030 will be determined by how it exercises its potential. It must choose whether it has the will to maintain core elements of the previous order or transform it into new, post-hegemonic multilateral forms.Global Policy (2020) 11:3

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“…The only reasonably plausible rival would be the European Union (EU), but EU sanctions are binding only for EU member states. Moreover, there are few incentives for EU member states to opt for the EU over the UN in sanctioning, as the latter distributes the costs among a greater number of senders (Portela, 2005). Finally, the EU can hardly serve as a model IO of unimpeachable integrity because it has also faced serious criticism regarding its alleged violation of due process rights of blacklisted individuals (Heupel, 2009).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

With power comes responsibility: Human rights protection in United Nations sanctions policy

Heupel

2012

European Journal of International Relations

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The ability to violate and the duty to protect human rights have traditionally been ascribed to states. Yet, since international organizations increasingly take decisions that directly affect individuals, it has been alleged that they, too, have human rights obligations. Against this background, we can witness a trend among international organizations establishing provisions to prevent human rights violations and to enable individuals to hold them accountable for such violations. This can be seen as a specific manifestation of a more general trend that has been described as the spread of good governance standards to, or the constitutionalization of, international organizations. The purpose of this article is to reveal the mechanisms that can account for the introduction of human rights protection provisions in international organizations. The empirical basis of the article forms a case study on the evolution of such provisions in United Nations sanctions policy. I first develop a conceptual framework that draws on diffusion mechanisms that have been used to explain the spread of norms and institutional design among states and to trace reform processes in international organizations. The empirical analysis suggests that shaming, defiance, litigation and instances of learning can account for the advancement of human rights protection provisions in United Nations sanctions policy: the Security Council was exposed to and responded to various forms of pressure from a variety of different actors. At the same time, it was approached with arguments concerning why it should institute reforms and advice in terms of how such reforms should look and engaged in a learning process.

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Where and why does the EU impose sanctions ?

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008

Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008

The Potential of Europe’s Sharp and Soft Power

With power comes responsibility: Human rights protection in United Nations sanctions policy

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