Whip spiders of the genus Sarax Simon 1892 (Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Borneo Island

Rahmadi, Cahyo; Harvey, Mark S.; Kojima, Jun‐ichi

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2612.1.1

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Daman variegatus pedipalp tibia and femur lengths can range from 50À90% of body length, according to the data presented in our study. More broadly, amblypygid pedipalps can range from~S50% body length up to~200% body length in some species (Simon & Fage, 1936;Weygoldt, 2000;Rahmadi et al, 2010; Jocqu e & Giupponi, 2012), making D. variegatus an intermediate taxon in terms of pedipalp elongation. Four major spines are present on the dorsal surface of the pedipalps in both juveniles and adults.…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pedipalp size and shape is markedly different between species and is often taxonomically informative (Weygoldt, 1996(Weygoldt, , 2000. For example, members of genera Sarax, Phrynus and Charinus can have pedipalp tibial lengths approximately half of their adult body length (Rahmadi, Harvey & Kojima, 2010;Jocqu e & Giupponi, 2012). Conversely, Euphrynichus species have pedipalps with tibiae twice their body length (Simon & Fage, 1936;Weygoldt, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

2019

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Sexual dimorphism in the form of elaborate crests, horns and swellings can be a clear indicator of the differing evolutionary pressures to which males and females are subject. However, dimorphism can also be expressed in more subtle shape differences not outwardly obvious to the observer. Whip spiders (Amblypygi) possess a unique pair of spined pedipalps hypothesized to primarily function in prey capture, but also serving multiple other functions. Little is known regarding the intraspecific shape variation of these limbs and its potential causes. Because a role during courtship and male contest has also been hypothesized, sexual selection may contribute to shape differences. As such, we hypothesize that sexual dimorphism will be present in the size and shape of amblypygid pedipalps, with male contest selecting for longer and thicker pedipalps, and larger spines in males. This study aims to test this hypothesis, by quantifying the contribution of ontogeny and sexual dimorphism to shape within the raptorial pedipalps of Damon variegatus. Discriminant function analysis using GMM landmark data reveals statistically significant sexual shape dimorphism in both the tibia and femur of the pedipalp. Contrary to our hypothesis, males display a more gracile pedipalp morphology with reduced spination. Sex differences in the allometric slope and overall size were also found in a number of linear appendicular metrics using Type-II regression. Males have statistically longer pedipalp tibiae, whip femora, and leg two femora. We propose that males have evolved a longer pedipalps in the context of display contest rather than physical aggression. The elongation of structures used in display-based contest and courtship found herein further emphasizes the contribution of visual cues to the evolution of morphology more broadly.

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Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

2019

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“…Sexual dimorphism in amblypygids is understudied relative to the larger arachnid orders. Several publications report little or no dimorphism within species ( Rahmadi, Harvey & Kojima, 2010 ; Giupponi & Kury, 2013 ). By necessity, these rely on small sample sizes: amblypygids are seldom seen in large numbers in the wild and are thus difficult to collect ( Weygoldt, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders

McLean

Garwood

Brassey

2018

PeerJ

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Sexual differences in size and shape are common across the animal kingdom. The study of sexual dimorphism (SD) can provide insight into the sexual- and natural-selection pressures experienced by males and females in different species. Arachnids are diverse, comprising over 100,000 species, and exhibit some of the more extreme forms of SD in the animal kingdom, with the males and females of some species differing dramatically in body shape and/or size. Despite this, research on arachnid SD has primarily focused on specific clades as opposed to observing traits across arachnid orders, the smallest of which have received comparatively little attention. This review provides an overview of the research to date on the trends and potential evolutionary drivers for SD and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in individual arachnid orders, and across arachnids as a whole. The most common trends across Arachnida are female-biased SSD in total body size, male-biased SSD in relative leg length and SD in pedipalp length and shape. However, the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits within the group is difficult to elucidate due to uncertainty in arachnid phylogenetic relationships. Based on the dataset we have gathered here, we highlight gaps in our current understanding and suggest areas for future research.

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“…n. does not exhibit highly troglomorphic traits, yet this is one of the largest species in Charinidae, and the tendency to gigantism is also marked in caves as it happens in islands. The largest described species in the family is Saraxcavernicola Rahmadi, Harvey & Kojima, 2010 from Indonesia (East Kalimantan), with carapace length ranging between 4.57–6.37 mm and carapace width from 6.30 to 8.29 mm, femur length with 5.95–8.98 mm and patella length measuring 6.15–9.08 mm (Rahmadi et al 2010). The new species S.timorensis becomes the second largest followed by Weygoldtiadavidovi (Fage, 1946) from Vietnam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amblypygids of Timor-Leste: first records of the order from the country with the description of a remarkable new species of Sarax (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae)

Miranda¹,

Reboleira²

2019

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The whip spider genus Sarax Simon, 1892 is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia and part of the Indo-Malayan region. The genus is recorded from several Indonesian islands, but no species are known from inside the area that comprises the biogeographical region of Wallacea, despite being recorded from both sides of the area. An expedition to survey the biology of caves in Timor-Leste (formerly East-Timor) discovered populations of amblypygids living underground and including a remarkable new species of Sarax, S.timorensissp. n., the first Amblypygi known from the island of Timor. The new species is here described bears the unique character state of two pairs of lateral eyes, instead of three or none as in all other living species of Amblypygi, and expands the biogeographic range of the genus. New records of amblypygids are given for two caves in Timor-Leste. A detailed description and a discussion of its distribution and the species characters are also provided.

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Whip spiders of the genus Sarax Simon 1892 (Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Borneo Island

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders

Amblypygids of Timor-Leste: first records of the order from the country with the description of a remarkable new species of Sarax (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae)

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