Whispering gallery mode hybridization in photonic molecules

Li, Yangcheng; Abolmaali, Farzaneh; Allen, Kenneth W.; Limberopoulos, Nicholaos I.; Urbas, Augustine; Rakovich, Yury P.; Maslov, A. V.; Astratov, Vasily N.

doi:10.1002/lpor.201600278

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Similar 2D simulations were also performed in a recent work which adopts an enlarged coupling gap as an analog to the reduced mode field coupling between two sets of WGMs with tilted orbits in two microspheres. [3] Figure 4d shows the simulated spectrum upon an enlarged coupling gap of ≈200 nm, where mode splitting can hardly be resolved due to the suppressed coupling strength.…”

Section: Wwwadvopticalmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the last decade, building a system of closely neighbored optical microcavities has been proved to be an effective way to manipulate and regulate resonant light, [1][2][3] which has indi cated great potentials for various applications such as single mode lasing, [4][5][6][7] optical flipflops, [8,9] selfreferenced sensing, [10] coherently transfer excitation of separated quantum emit ters, [11,12] and tunable frequencycomb generation. [13] Optical mode interaction in coupled cavities is an analog to the electron states in a chemical molecule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18] Moreover, dynamic tuning of the intercavity coupling strength has been investigated in recent years, which were carried out by advanced and sophisticated techniques such as strain tuning, [21,22] acoustooptic control, [23] and precise micromanipulation techniques. [3] To extend and promote the research in the field of photonic molecules, it is of high interest to design novel photonic molecules extending from adjacent solid microcavities to thinwalled hollow cavities which possess intense evanescent field facilitating intercavity coupling and provide novel strategy for tuning of the coupling strength.Microtube cavities, which are formed by selfrolling of pre strained nanomembranes, feature unique properties such as hollowcore structures and ultrathin cavity walls (≈100-300 nm) for the study of lightmatter interactions and the integration of "labinatube" systems. [24][25][26][27] These key merits enable extensive applications ranging from optofluidic sensing, [28][29][30][31] single cell analysis, [32] dynamic molecular process detection, [33] photon plasmon coupling, [34] to optical spin-orbit coupling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the evanescent field is relatively weak in the reported photonic mole cules because most of the optical field is strongly confined within the coupled cavities (e.g., microdisks, [4,8,11,18] micro toroids, [19] microspheres, [3] microrods, [5,20] and microfibers [7] ). As such, one needs a deliberate control on both the cavity geometries and the intercavity coupling gap to ensure a good spectral match and efficient evanescent coupling between the coupled cavities.…”

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Strong Coupling in a Photonic Molecule Formed by Trapping a Microsphere in a Microtube Cavity

Wang

Yin

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

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role for the efficient intercavity coupling. However, the evanescent field is relatively weak in the reported photonic mole cules because most of the optical field is strongly confined within the coupled cavities (e.g., microdisks, [4,8,11,18] micro toroids, [19] microspheres, [3] microrods, [5,20] and microfibers [7] ). As such, one needs a deliberate control on both the cavity geometries and the intercavity coupling gap to ensure a good spectral match and efficient evanescent coupling between the coupled cavities. [18] Moreover, dynamic tuning of the intercavity coupling strength has been investigated in recent years, which were carried out by advanced and sophisticated techniques such as strain tuning, [21,22] acoustooptic control, [23] and precise micromanipulation techniques. [3] To extend and promote the research in the field of photonic molecules, it is of high interest to design novel photonic molecules extending from adjacent solid microcavities to thinwalled hollow cavities which possess intense evanescent field facilitating intercavity coupling and provide novel strategy for tuning of the coupling strength.Microtube cavities, which are formed by selfrolling of pre strained nanomembranes, feature unique properties such as hollowcore structures and ultrathin cavity walls (≈100-300 nm) for the study of lightmatter interactions and the integration of "labinatube" systems. [24][25][26][27] These key merits enable extensive applications ranging from optofluidic sensing, [28][29][30][31] single cell analysis, [32] dynamic molecular process detection, [33] photon plasmon coupling, [34] to optical spin-orbit coupling.[35] To combine with other media/objects, luminescent quantum dots, [36,37] quantum wells, [38] and organic molecules [39] have been enwrapped into the microtube wall by the rolling up process, which couple photoluminescence (PL) light to the microtube cavities to support whisperinggallery mode (WGM) resonances. [37,40] In this context, a design and demonstration of photonic molecule based on microtube cavity is of fundamental interest for the study of strong optical coupling and the promo tion of its potential applications.Herein, we report a novel design of photonic molecule by trapping a microsphere cavity into the hollow core of a rolled up microtube cavity. We focus on studying the WGM coupling between the trapped microsphere and microtube cavity with a significant difference of cavity sizes, which is in contrast to pre vious reports where the two externally adjacent microcavities possess highly similar sizes [11,12,41] or slightly mismatched sizes (less than two times). [4][5][6][7]18,[42][43][44] Periodic modulations on A photonic molecule formed by trapping a microsphere cavity into a hollow microtube cavity is demonstrated, which provides a novel design over conventional photonic molecules comprised of solid-core whispering gallery mode microcavities with externally tangent configuration. Periodic spectral modulations of mode intensity, resonant mode shift, and quality factor are observed...

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Section: Wwwadvopticalmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong Coupling in a Photonic Molecule Formed by Trapping a Microsphere in a Microtube Cavity

Wang

Yin

et al. 2017

Advanced Optical Materials

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Coupled Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators via Template‐Assisted Assembly of Photoluminescent Microspheres

Smith

Zeng

Lafalce

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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This study reports a facile method for the assembly of large, array style, coupled dye-doped microsphere resonators by template-assisted, in which an aqueous suspension of colloidal microspheres assemble on a patterned template. By exploiting the high resolution of 3D (two-photon) lithography derived templates, closely packed large arrays, hundreds to thousands of dimers with controlled gap spacing, only limited by the size of the substrate can be achieved. Dye-doped emissive microspheres with Q-factors >2.5 × 10 2 can be achieved and trapped into predetermined cavity positions, thereby controlling the distance between adjacent microspheres. This design allows to scale down dimer spacing from usual 400 nm for traditional photolithography to very small spacing of 50 nm. It is found that exciting individual microspheres in the ensemble shows intense optical cavity modes, whereas closely coupled pairs show controlled mode splitting. Coupling between photoluminescent microspheres is strongly influenced by the gap distance, with strong coupling, equating to normal mode splitting, arising as the gap distance is reduced below traditional sub-micrometer scale. The coupled dimer assemblies are promising candidates for advancing the development of largearea coupled nanophotonic structures, beyond the spatial resolution-limited photolithographical derived arrays.

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Fano Resonance in Artificial Photonic Molecules

Cao

Dong

Zhou

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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photonic applications, such as optical switching, [6][7][8][9] sensing, [10][11][12][13][14][15] nonreciprocal propagation, [16][17][18][19][20][21] modulation, [22][23][24][25][26] optical logic gates, [27][28][29] and light buffering and storage. [3,[30][31][32][33][34][35] The Fano line shape profiles are related to the system's structural parameters and the electromagnetic parameters of ambient media. So, various systems, including optical cavities, [36][37][38][39] nanoclusters, [40][41][42][43] photonic crystals, [44][45] gratings, [46][47][48][49] metamaterials, [50][51][52][53] metasurfaces, [54][55][56][57] and many others, [58][59][60][61][62][63] have been proposed theoretically and observed experimentally to exhibit Fano resonance. Inspired by recent progress in numerous novel materials, [64][65][66][67][68][69] including 2D materials with exotic optoelectronic properties, [70][71][72] superconducting materials, [73,74] phase-changed materials, [75,76] low loss dielectric materials [77,78] and quantum dots, [79][80][81][82] many opportunities to investigate Fano resonance are anticipated.It is well-known that the macroscopically arrayed structures are typically too bulky for highly integrated on-chip optical circuits, thus, compact photonic structures are in high demand. [83][84][85] Optical microcavities, with high quality (high-Q) factors, convenient all-optical control, and compatibility with on-chip fabrication, have been used extensively for sophisticated optical devices, such as isolators, [86] lasers, [87] circuits, [88] sensors, [89][90][91] and buffers, [92,93] with distinctive properties. Based on the similarities between the classical electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, a single cavity and coupled-cavity can be referred to as artificial photonic atom and photonic molecule, [94][95][96] respectively. Analogous to the single atom molecule, a single cavity can also be referred to as a photonic molecule. The spectral response arising from the coherent interaction of optical modes depends heavily on the configuration of the artificial photonic molecules. [97][98][99] Over the years, sorts of photonic molecules have been implemented as key building blocks for realizing Fano resonance, [83,85,[88][89][90][91]100,101] thanks to the interactions between optical modes as illustrated in Figure 1a. The Fano profiles have been both experimentally and theoretically studied with numerous interesting physical phenomena revealed by the coupled oscillator model, [83,86,102] temporal coupled-mode theory, [103][104][105][106][107] transfer matrix method, [108][109][110] and quantumoptics approach. [111,112] In this work, we focus on reviewing the Fano resonance in artificial photonic molecules. We first introduce the properties of Fano resonance. Specifically, we discussThe spectral signatures of chemical molecules are dependent on the hybridization of electronic states. The artificial photonic molecules formed by structured optical microcavities, exhibiting Fano features with sharp asymmetric line shape a...

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Whispering gallery mode hybridization in photonic molecules

Cited by 78 publications

References 72 publications

Strong Coupling in a Photonic Molecule Formed by Trapping a Microsphere in a Microtube Cavity

Strong Coupling in a Photonic Molecule Formed by Trapping a Microsphere in a Microtube Cavity

Coupled Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators via Template‐Assisted Assembly of Photoluminescent Microspheres

Fano Resonance in Artificial Photonic Molecules

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