White organic light-emitting diodes with 4 nm metal electrode

Lenk, Simone; Schwab, Tobias; Schubert, Sylvio; Müller‐Meskamp, Lars; Leo, Karl; Gather, Malte C.; Reineke, Sebastian

doi:10.1063/1.4934274

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For top‐emitting OLEDs, thin metal films have been considered as promising top semitransparent electrodes by their low‐temperature preparation process and high optical transparency. [ 118,275,276 ] Usually, a dielectric capping layer is further added on top of the metal film to further reduce the induced cavity effect and improve the viewing angle. Schwab and co‐workers fabricated an ultrathin electrode with a stack architecture of Au/Ag/N,N‐di(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐N,N‐diphenyl‐benzidine (NPB), where a 2 nm thick Au film acted as the wetting seed layer, while the NPB film acted as both the antireflective layer and the capping layer.…”

Section: Device Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Zhang

Park

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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Transparent conductors are essential elements in an array of optoelectronic devices. The most commonly used transparent conductor – indium tin oxide (ITO) suffers from issues including poor mechanical flexibility, rising cost, and the need for annealing to achieve high conductivity. Consequently, there has been intensive research effort in developing ITO‐free transparent conductors over the recent years. This article gives a comprehensive review on the development of an important ITO‐free transparent conductor, that is based on thin metal films. It starts with the background knowledge of material selection for thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors and then surveys various techniques to fabricate high‐quality thin metal films. Then, it introduces the spectroscopic ellipsometry method for characterizing thin metal films with high accuracy, and discusses the optical design procedure for optimizing transmittance through thin‐metal‐film‐based conductors. The review also summarizes diverse applications of thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors, ranging from solar cells and organic light emitting diodes, to optical spectrum filters, low‐emissivity windows, and transparent electromagnetic interference coatings.

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Section: Device Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Zhang

Park

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Furthermore, our device design requires only three instead of four independently addressable electrodes which simplifies fabrication and electrical driving of these devices. The three emitting units are p-i-n OLEDs, comprising p- and n-doped transport layer systems, separated by highly transparent gold/silver thin-film metal electrodes 5 – 8 . However, despite the top-emission design and the application of three silver layers within the device, the emission color of each unit is nearly independent of the viewing angle and therefore very well suited for display applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-terminal RGB full-color OLED pixels for ultrahigh density displays

Fröbel

Fries

Schwab

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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In recent years, the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology has been a rapidly evolving field of research, successfully making the transition to commercial applications such as mobile phones and other small portable devices. OLEDs provide efficient generation of light, excellent color quality, and allow for innovative display designs, e.g., curved shapes, mechanically flexible and/or transparent devices. Especially their self emissive nature is a highly desirable feature for display applications. In this work, we demonstrate an approach for full-color OLED pixels that are fabricated by vertical stacking of a red-, green-, and blue-emitting unit. Each unit can be addressed separately which allows for efficient generation of every color that is accessible by superpositioning the spectra of the individual emission units. Here, we use a combination of time division multiplexing and pulse width modulation to achieve efficient color mixing. The presented device design requires only three independently addressable electrodes, simplifying both fabrication and electrical driving. The device is built in a top-emission geometry, which is highly desirable for display fabrication as the pixel can be directly deposited onto back-plane electronics. Despite the top-emission design and the application of three silver layers within the device, there is only a minor color shift even for large viewing angles. The color space spanned by the three emission sub-units exceeds the sRGB space, providing more saturated green/yellow/red colors. Furthermore, the electrical performance of each individual unit is on par with standard single emission unit OLEDs, showing very low leakage currents and achieving brightness levels above 1000 cd/m2 at moderate voltages of around 3–4 V.

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“…PEDOT:PSS, 3,4 Ag nanowires, 5 graphene, [6][7][8] carbon nanotubes, 9,10 metal grids, 11,12 or hybrid structures. 13,14 Particular attention has been also devoted to ultrathin metal lms which have been already demonstrated to work as efficient electrodes in both top-and bottom-emitting organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs) [15][16][17][18] and in top-emitting quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). 19,20 Transmittance of ultrathin metal is considerably improved aer embedding thin metal lm in dielectric layers of vacuum-deposited high refractive index oxides which are responsible for reectance reduction due to light coupling with surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) at a metal/ oxide interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%