White Paper of the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance on Dual-Energy CT, Part 1

Abstract

This is the first of a series of 4 white papers that represent Expert Consensus Documents developed by the Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance through its task force on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). This article, part 1, describes the fundamentals of the physical basis for DECT and the technology of DECT and proposes uniform nomenclature to account for differences in proprietary terms among manufacturers.

Apolipoprotein L1 Genetic Variants Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease but Not with Cardiovascular Disease in a Population Referred for Cardiac Catheterization

“…While the role of APOL1 risk variants in CKD has been established in previous studies [2,4,5,6,10,14], our results expand the findings into a secondary cardiovascular prevention population for the first time using a large cohort of African-American individuals from a population with high cardiometabolic risk. Besides renal disease, we assessed the association of APOL1 risk variants with CVD and did not demonstrate a significant relationship.…”

“…Previously reported associations [2,5,10] between the APOL1 risk variants and prevalent CKD were observed: the mean eGFR was significantly lower in homozygotes compared to heterozygotes and noncarriers (Table 1). APOL1 genotype was associated with prevalent CKD in the basic [odds ratio (OR): 1.85, 95% CI: 1.34-2.53, p = 0.0002] and full multivariable model (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.33-2.57, p = 0.0002).…”

“…Consistent with previous studies [2,5,10], we restricted our analysis to 1,641 African-Americans in CATHGEN.…”

“…Both basic (adjusted for age and sex) and full multivariable models [adjusted for age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes status, hypertension, smoking status, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and number of diseased vessels] were used. Associations between APOL1 variants and (1) prevalent CKD and (2) incident CKD were assessed under a recessive genetic model as established in previous studies [2,5,10], while the association between APOL1 variants and CAD was assessed using recessive, dominant, and additive models. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the associations between APOL1 variants and incident CVD events or mortality under an additive model.…”

“…The presence of 2 genetic variants (G1 and G2) in the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene is strongly associated with increased susceptibility to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) [2,3,4,5,6]. These variants are rare in individuals of European ancestry but common in African-Americans, with 50% of African-Americans harboring at least 1 risk allele and 10-15% carrying 2 risk alleles [2]. The APOL1 gene encodes apolipoprotein L1, a protein involved in the lysis of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei that causes African sleeping sickness.…”