White-Sand Vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia

Anderson, Anthony Β.

doi:10.2307/2388125

Cited by 340 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In hilly areas, the dominant soils are well-drained clayey latosols and oxisols (Dubroeucq and Volkoff 1998;Bezerra et al 1976). By contrast, in the widespread flat areas, sandy podzols occur, the origin of which can be attributed to in-situ weathering, alluvial deposition, or podzolization (Anderson 1981;Quesada 2008).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These forests are also classified as 'campinarana', 'campinarana arbustiva', or 'campinarana florestada' (IBGE, 1997) and are commonly referred as 'campinarana' (Brazil), 'varillal' (Colombia), 'wallaba' or 'white-sand forests' (Guyana) (Anderson 1981;Banki 2010). White-sand forests in the upper Rio Negro region are characterized by Eperua leucantha (Fabaceae), Hevea spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree communities of white-sand and terra-firme forests of the upper Rio Negro

Stropp¹,

Sleen

Assunção³

et al. 2011

Acta Amaz.

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The high tree diversity and vast extent of Amazonian forests challenge our understanding of how tree species abundance and composition varies across this region. Information about these parameters, usually obtained from tree inventories plots, is essential for revealing patterns of tree diversity. Numerous tree inventories plots have been established in Amazonia, yet, tree species composition and diversity of white-sand and terra-firme forests of the upper Rio Negro still remain poorly understood. Here, we present data from eight new one-hectare tree inventories plots established in the upper Rio Negro; four of which were located in white-sand forests and four in terra-firme forests. Overall, we registered 4703 trees ≥ 10 cm of diameter at breast height. These trees belong to 49 families, 215 genera, and 603 species. We found that tree communities of terra-firme and white-sand forests in the upper Rio Negro significantly differ from each other in their species composition. Tree communities of white-sand forests show a higher floristic similarity and lower diversity than those of terra-firme forests. We argue that mechanisms driving differences between tree communities of white-sand and terra-firme forests are related to habitat size, which ultimately influences large-scale and long-term evolutionary processes. KEYWORDS: tree communities, tree inventory plots, terra-firme forest, white-sand forest, upper Rio Negro Comunidades de árvores em florestas de campinarana e de terra-firme do alto Rio Negro RESUMOA vasta extensão e a alta diversidade de árvores das florestas na Amazônia desafiam a nossa compreensão sobre como variam a composição e abundância de espécies arbóreas ao longo desta região. Informações sobre estes parâmetros, geralmente obtidas a partir de inventários florísticos, são fundamentais para análises sobre padrões de diversidade. Embora inúmeros inventários florísticos tenham sido estabelecidos na Amazônia, a composição de espécies e a diversidade de árvores das florestas de campinarana e de terra-firme, na região do alto Rio Negro, permanecem ainda pouco conhecidas. Aqui, apresentamos dados de inventários florísticos de oito parcelas de um hectare estabelecidas em florestas de campinarana e de terra-firme do alto Rio Negro. Ao todo, registramos 4.703 indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito ≥ 10 cm pertencentes a 49 famílias, 215 gêneros e 603 espécies. As comunidades de árvores das florestas de campinarana e terra-firme do alto Rio Negro diferem entre si, sendo que as florestas de campinaranas são mais similares e menos diversas que as florestas de terra-firme. Sugerimos que os mecanismos que causam diferenças entre as comunidades arbóreas das florestas de campinarana e terra-firme são principalmente relacionados a diferenças do tamanho do habitat, isto porque o tamanho da área do habitat influencia processos evolutivos que ocorrem em grande escala temporal e espacial.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree communities of white-sand and terra-firme forests of the upper Rio Negro

Stropp¹,

Sleen

Assunção³

et al. 2011

Acta Amaz.

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“…Still, surprisingly diverse forests grow on a larger number of soil types, including relatively nutrient-poor, white-sand soils (Newbery 1991;Phillips et al 1994). In Brazil, besides the widespread Amazon campinaranas (Anderson 1981), some coastal forests also grow on sandy soils (mainly spodosols), the Restinga forests. Th ese forests are known to be lower and less species rich than surrounding rain forests, although sp ecies rich Restinga forests may also be found (César & Monteiro 1995;Guedes et al 2006;Negrelle 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides its young age, the limiting soil conditions makes it a very promising setting in which the mechanisms that control the fl oristic composition and structure of tropical forests can be better understand (Scarano 2009). For instance, a low degree of endemism is expected because soils are much younger than other forests on soils developed in situ (Anderson 1981). In this scenario, one may ask if the Restinga composition is the result of simple historical events or if there is local and specifi c ecological processes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, diversity, and spatial patterns in a permanent plot of a high Restinga forest in Southeastern Brazil

et al. 2011

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RESUMO(Estrutura, diversidade e padrões espaciais em uma parcela permanente de fl oresta alta de Restinga no Sudeste do Brasil) Nós investigamos a estrutura, diversidade e distribuição de espécies arbóreas em uma parcela de 10,24 ha de uma fl oresta alta de Restinga (FAR) ). A riqueza média foi menor que outros tipos de fl orestas tropicais e outras FAR amostradas em menor intensidade, provavelmente pela juventude e hidromorfi a dos solos na área de estudo. A densidade, área basal, composição e diversidade arbórea variaram consideravelmente de acordo com a classe de tamanho considerada. A parcela estudada teve uma densidade similar a outras fl orestas tropicais, mas com menor área basal (menos indivíduos > 60 cm de diâmetro) e maior densidade de árvores pequenas. Fustes múltiplos não foram frequentes (11% dos indivíduos), mas foram comuns entre as espécies (74% das espécies). A distribuição espacial foi predominantemente agregada, um padrão comum a outros tipos de fl orestas tropicais. Além do substrato arenoso, a parcela estudada e outras fl orestas de areia branca do mundo tiveram padrões muito similares de estrutura, riqueza e diversidade. Assim, consideramos a FAR como um subtipo evidente de fl oresta de areia branca. Palavras ABSTRACT(Structure, composition, and diversity of a high Restinga forest in the Southern Atlantic Forest) We assessed the structure, diversity and distribution of tree species in a 10.24-ha permanent plot of high Restinga forest (HRF) in southeastern Brazil. We sampled 15,040 individuals belonging to 45 families, 87 genera and 116 species (density= 1,468 trees ha -1 , and basal area= 28.0 m 2 ha -1 ). Mean richness was lower than other types of tropical forests and other HRFs that have been less intensively sampled, which is probably due to the younger age and hydromorphy of the soils in the study site. Tree density, basal area, species composition, and diversity all varied considerably depending on the size class considered. The studied plot had a density similar to other tropical forests but with a smaller basal area (fewer individuals > 60 cm in diameter), and higher density of smaller trees. Multi-stemmed individuals were not frequent (11% of the trees), though they were widespread among species (74% of the species). Spatial distribution was predominantly clumped, a pattern common to other types of tropical forests. Besides growing over white-sand soils, the PEIC plot and other white-sand forests of the world also had very similar patterns of community structure, richness and diversity. Therefore, we consider the HRF as a recognizable subtype of white-sand forest.

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“…The main characteristics that distinguish the campina forest type from other forest types are its low species richness and dominance of a single or very few tree species, its unusual physiognomy 9 -shorter stature, multi-branched and tortuous trees and the presence of bushes with scleromorphic leaves (Anderson et al, 1975;Anderson, 1981;Richards, 1996). Cowling et al (2004) suggest that the predominant mechanisms for maintenance of forest in cool periods are the reduced evapotranspiration and lowered respiration costs and that, conversely, tropical rain forests may now be near an upper temperature threshold where these physiological mechanisms become positive feedbacks that could induce forest dieback.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of drainage status on soil and water chemistry, litter decomposition and soil respiration in central Amazonian forests on sandy soils

Zanchi¹,

Waterloo²,

Dolman³

et al. 2011

Ambi-Agua

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Central Amazonian rainforest landscape supports a mosaic of tall terra firme rainforest and ecotone campinarana, riparian and campina forests, reflecting topography-induced variations in soil, nutrient and drainage conditions. Spatial and temporal variations in litter decomposition, soil and groundwater chemistry and soil CO 2 respiration were studied in forests on sandy soils, whereas drought sensitivity of poorly-drained valley soils was investigated in an artificial drainage experiment. Slightly changes in litter decomposition or water chemistry were observed as a consequence of artificial drainage. Riparian plots did experience higher litter decomposition rates than campina forest. In response to a permanent lowering of the groundwater level from 0.1 m to 0.3 m depth in the drainage plot, topsoil carbon and nitrogen contents decreased substantially. Soil CO 2 respiration decreased from 3.7±0.6 µmol m -2 s -1 before drainage to 2.5±0.2 and 0.8±0.1 µmol m -2 s -1 eight and 11 months after drainage, respectively. Soil respiration in the control plot remained constant at 3.7±0.6 µmol m -2 s -1 . The above suggests that more frequent droughts may affect topsoil carbon and nitrogen content and soil respiration rates in the riparian ecosystem, and may induce a transition to less diverse campinarana or short-statured campina forest that covers areas with strongly-leached sandy soil.Keywords: Amazon rainforest; Drought experiment; Campina; Soil Nutrients; CO 2 Efflux.Influência da drenagem na química do solo e da água, na decomposição da serapilheira e na respiração do solo em floresta de solo arenoso na Amazônia central RESUMO A floresta Amazônica central possui um mosaico de floresta tropical de terra firme, ecotones de campinarana, florestas ripárias e ecossistema de campina, que reflete a variação induzida pela topografia sobre as condições de solo, nutrientes e drenagem. Foram estudadas em florestas em solo arenoso as variações espacial e temporal da decomposição da liteira, ZANCHI, F. B.; WATERLOO, M. J.; DOLMAN, A. J.; GROENENDIJK, M.; KESSELMEIER, J.; KRUIJT, B.; BOLSON, M. A.; LUIZÃO, F. J.; MANZI, A. O. Influence of drainage status on soil and water chemistry, litter decomposition and soil respiration in central Amazonian forests on sandy soils. Ambi-Agua, Taubaté, v. 6, n. 1, p. 6-29, 2011 . (doi:10.4136/ambi-agua.170) 7 química do solo e da água do solo, e a respiração do solo, uma vez que a sensibilidade à seca estava sendo investigada em solos de vale pobremente drenado com um experimento de drenagem controlada. Pequenas mudanças foram observadas na decomposição da liteira e na química da água do solo devido à drenagem artificial. A floresta ripária experimentou maior taxa de decomposição do que o ecossistema de campina. Em resposta ao permanente rebaixamento do nível do lençol freático de 0.1 m para 0.3 m de profundidade, promovido pelo experimento de drenagem, o carbono e nitrogênio do solo superficial diminuíram substancialmente. A respiração do solo diminuiu de 3.7±0.6 µmol m -2 s -1 antes ...

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White-Sand Vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia

Cited by 340 publications

References 23 publications

Tree communities of white-sand and terra-firme forests of the upper Rio Negro

Tree communities of white-sand and terra-firme forests of the upper Rio Negro

Structure, diversity, and spatial patterns in a permanent plot of a high Restinga forest in Southeastern Brazil

Influence of drainage status on soil and water chemistry, litter decomposition and soil respiration in central Amazonian forests on sandy soils

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