Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps

Anguelova, Magdalena D.; Webster, Ferris

doi:10.1029/2005jc003158

Cited by 189 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…More than a dozen empirical models as a function of wind speed have been proposed so far. However, they exhibit great discrepancies as reported by Anguelova and Webster (2006). Recent studies indicated that the whitecap coverage is influenced by the state of the wind wave development.…”

Section: Model Of Gas-transfer Velocity In the Presence Of Wave Breakingmentioning

confidence: 46%

Gas transfer velocity in the presence of wave breaking

Zhao

2016

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C T Wave breaking is known to cause air entrainment and enhancement of the near-surface turbulence. Thus, it intensifies the gas exchange across the airÁsea interface. Based on the combination of the vertical distribution of the turbulence in the wave-affected layer and the breaking wave-energy dissipation rate in the wave-breaking layer, we proposed a composite model for the gas transfer velocity in the presence of wave breaking. The gas transfer velocity was calculated as a function of the air frictional velocity, wave age, and whitecap coverage. The model was validated by the dependences on winds and wave ages by field and laboratory measurements. The results supported the hypothesis that the large uncertainties in the traditional gas transfer velocities based on wind speed alone at moderate-to-high wind speeds can be ascribed to the neglect of the windÁwave effect, which is mainly attributed to the whitecap coverage as a function of the windÁsea Reynolds number.

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Section: Model Of Gas-transfer Velocity In the Presence Of Wave Breakingmentioning

confidence: 46%

Gas transfer velocity in the presence of wave breaking

Zhao

2016

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…(3), are implicitly based on the assumption that the local sea state is directly related to the local wind speed. However, satellite observations of whitecap coverage give evidence that the local sea state is determined by factors other than just wind speed (Anguelova and Webster, 2006). In particular, the observed whitecap coverage in tropics is higher than would be expected based on the wind speed.…”

Section: Comparison With Observationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate

Salzen

2008

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A size-dependent sea salt aerosol parameterization was developed based on the piecewise log-normal approximation (PLA) for aerosol size distributions. Results of this parameterization from simulations with a global climate model produce good agreement with observations at the surface and for vertically-integrated volume size distributions. The global and annual mean of the sea salt burden is 10.1 mg m −2 . The direct radiative forcing is calculated to be −1.52 and −0.60 W m −2 for clear sky and all sky, respectively. The first indirect radiative forcing is about twice as large as the direct forcing for all-sky (−1.34 W m −2 ). The results also show that the total indirect forcing of sea salt is −2.9 W m −2 if climatic feedbacks are taken into account. The sensitivity of the forcings to changes in the burdens and sizes of sea salt particles was also investigated based on additional simulations with a different sea salt source function.

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“…Monahan (1985, in Monahan andO'Muircheartaigh, 1986) showed that the time constant characterizing the decay of whitecaps changed inversely with the terminal rise speed of the smaller bubbles. Anguelova et al (2006) stated that a decrease in viscosity caused by higher water temperatures facilitated wave breaking and as a consequence prolongs the lifetime of a whitecap. Another suggested explanation for observed large-scale increases in whitecap fraction with an increase in water temperature is the difference in the duration of a certain wind speed over different areas.…”

Section: Effect Of Sea Water Temperature On Particle Number Concentramentioning

confidence: 99%

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Sea spray aerosols are an important part of the climate system through their direct and indirect effects. Due to the diminishing sea ice, the Arctic Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing sea spray aerosol source areas. However, the influence of these changes on primary particle production is not known.In laboratory experiments we examined the influence of Arctic Ocean water temperature, salinity, and oxygen saturation on primary particle concentration characteristics. Sea water temperature was identified as the most important of these parameters. A strong decrease in sea spray aerosol production with increasing water temperature was observed for water temperatures between −1 • C and 9 • C. Aerosol number concentrations decreased from at least 1400 cm −3 to 350 cm −3 . In general, the aerosol number size distribution exhibited a robust shape with one mode close to dry diameter D p 0.2 µm with approximately 45 % of particles at smaller sizes. Changes in sea water temperature did not result in pronounced change of the shape of the aerosol size distribution, only in the magnitude of the concentrations. Our experiments indicate that changes in aerosol emissions are most likely linked to changes of the physical properties of sea water at low temperatures. The observed strong dependence of sea spray aerosol concentrations on sea water temperature, with a large fraction of the emitted particles in the typical cloud condensation nuclei size range, provide strong arguments for a more careful consideration of this effect in climate models.

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Whitecap coverage from satellite measurements: A first step toward modeling the variability of oceanic whitecaps

Cited by 189 publications

References 138 publications

Gas transfer velocity in the presence of wave breaking

Gas transfer velocity in the presence of wave breaking

Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

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