International human resource management (IHRM) as a field of practice involves heightened levels of complexity compared to domestic HRM based on the multitude of contexts in which multinational firms operate. As complexity increases, so do levels of risk and the chance the firm must deal with crisis situations. Based on articles presented at the 3rd Global Conference on IHRM, this special issue focuses on how IHRM can contribute to organization success when faced with extreme operating conditions. This editorial provides a backdrop to the articles by describing the challenging economic, political, and social environments impacting organizations, exploring conditions from the recent past and current day such as the global financial crisis, trends toward political nationalism, aging populations, and growing immigrant workforces. The focus lies on exploring how HRM can respond to such challenging external contexts to continue to contribute added value to the firm. K E Y W O R D S added value, context, economic crisis, international human resource management, political crisis, social crisis 1 | INTRODUCTION A fundamental difference between the fields of human resource management (HRM) and international human resource management (IHRM) is the degree of complexity involved. Professionals in both fields are sourcing, hiring, training, rewarding, developing, evaluating, and motivating an organization's workforce, but when operations extend from a domestic to an international scale, the level of complexity HR professionals face increases dramatically. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) do not operate in a vacuum-they operate in multiple national contexts, each one with its own institutional and cultural traditions, systems, and regulations. Not only does the HR professional based in an MNE's corporate headquarters need to understand what is happening in their home country operations, they need to understand the operating context in numerous global sites to coordinate their firm's global HRM strategy. To add to this complexity, critical turning points, such as national or global crises, add to the high-risk nature of international HRM. Managing complexity and risk through times of crisis has become a core competency of MNEs, a competency to which IHRM can make a substantial contribution. This special issue is a collection of articles presented at the 3rd Global Conference on International HRM, organized by the Center for International Human Resource Studies at The Pennsylvania State University and hosted by St John's University, New York in May 2017.The biennial conference addresses the broad IHRM field, incorporating many disciplines including cross-cultural management, comparative HRM, and strategic international HRM. The articles presented focus on understanding why HRM activities fit (or do not fit) in a given institutional and/or cultural context and explore how MNEs manage the global/local paradox of their operations. The articles selected for this special issue make a strong contribution to the IHRM body of knowledge ...