“…In the case of voice searches, i.e., queries spoken to a virtual assistant that then returns a result, there are a number of academic studies published in the social sciences (Sa, 2016;Shokouhi;Ozertem;Craswell, 2016;Mairesse;Raccuglia;Vitaladevuni, 2016;Hurwitz et al, 2017;Guy, 2018;Lovato;Piper, 2019), several of which include a consideration of journalism (Lochrie et al, 2018;Kischinhevsky, 2019;Jung et al, 2019;Fagundes-Pase et al, 2020;Turow, 2021) but not of visibility, that is, not of voice search optimisation (hereafter VSO). There have also been numerous industry reports and news stories published on the use of voice search technology, both at a general level (Huffman, 2014;Cachón, 2019;Isidigitaldata, 2020;Rabit and Pork, 2021) and in the context of digital media (Newman, 2018).…”