Who is the fairest of them all? The independent effect of attractive features and self-perceived attractiveness on cooperation among women

Muñoz-Reyes, José Antonio; Pita, Miguel; Arjona, Maria; Sánchez‐Pagés, Santiago; Turiégano, Enrique

doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.11.005

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Participants were asked to read and sign an informed consent form that detailed the procedure and the confidentiality steps. We used a standard coding process to preserve the anonymity of the participants 18,59 . All the participants signed the informed consent prior to their participation in the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Male Warrior Hypothesis: Testosterone-related Cooperation and Aggression in the Context of Intergroup Conflict

Muñoz-Reyes

Polo

Valenzuela

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The Male Warrior Hypothesis (MWH) establishes that men's psychology has been shaped by intergroup competition to acquire and protect reproductive resources. In this context, sex-specific selective pressures would have favored cooperation with the members of one's group in combination with hostility towards outsiders. We investigate the role of developmental testosterone, as measured indirectly through static markers of prenatal testosterone (2D:4D digit ratio) and pubertal testosterone (body musculature and facial masculinity), on both cooperation and aggressive behavior in the context of intergroup conflict among men. Supporting the MWH, our results show that the intergroup conflict scenario promotes cooperation within group members and aggression toward outgroup members. Regarding the hormonal underpinnings of this phenomenon, we find that body musculature is positively associated with aggression and cooperation, but only for cooperation when context (intergroup competition) is taken into account. Finally, we did not find evidence that the formidability of the group affected individual rates of aggression or cooperation, controlling for individual characteristics.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Male Warrior Hypothesis: Testosterone-related Cooperation and Aggression in the Context of Intergroup Conflict

Muñoz-Reyes

Polo

Valenzuela

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…By contrast, short-term effects of hormonal levels on asymmetry have been shown, as the asymmetry of facial shape changes during the menstrual cycle of individual women [294]. Finally, some human behavioral traits are also correlated with fluctuating asymmetry of facial shape, such as the tendency to cooperate or defect in the "prisoner's dilemma" game [374,375], some aggressive behaviors in adolescents [248], and personality traits [377,378].…”

Section: Developmental Instability Of Shape In Relation To Stress Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study using a large combined sample from different Latin American countries, several factors were correlated to facial asymmetry: the strongest correlation was with age, but ethnic ancestry, heterozygosity, body mass index and height, as well as sex also had appreciable and significant effects [108]. Several studies have examined whether facial asymmetry is related to whether faces are rated as attractive by the subjects themselves or by other viewers, and some found a significant association [57,249,295,374], whereas others found no association [102,105] or a weak association only for male but not female faces [247]. Some analyses showed an association between fluctuating asymmetry and facial femininity or masculinity in humans [375], but others did not [102,374], nor was there a correlation between femininity or masculinity of skull shape and fluctuating asymmetry in baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas [110].…”

Section: Developmental Instability Of Shape In Relation To Stress Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have examined whether facial asymmetry is related to whether faces are rated as attractive by the subjects themselves or by other viewers, and some found a significant association [57,249,295,374], whereas others found no association [102,105] or a weak association only for male but not female faces [247]. Some analyses showed an association between fluctuating asymmetry and facial femininity or masculinity in humans [375], but others did not [102,374], nor was there a correlation between femininity or masculinity of skull shape and fluctuating asymmetry in baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas [110]. Also, no correlation was found between facial fluctuating asymmetry and the ratio of second to fourth digits, which relates to prenatal exposure to sex hormones [375,376].…”

Section: Developmental Instability Of Shape In Relation To Stress Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

2015

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Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New technology for data collection and new methods and software for analysis are widely available and have led to numerous applications in plants and animals, including humans. This review summarizes the concepts and morphometric methods for studying asymmetry of shape and size. After a summary of mathematical and biological concepts of symmetry and asymmetry, a section follows that explains the methods of geometric morphometrics and how they can be used to analyze asymmetry of biological structures. Geometric morphometric analyses not only tell how much asymmetry there is, but also provide information about the patterns of covariation in the structure under study. Such patterns of covariation in fluctuating asymmetry can provide valuable insight about the developmental basis of morphological integration, and have become important tools for evolutionary developmental biology. The genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry has been studied from empirical and theoretical viewpoints, but serious challenges remain in this area. There are many promising areas for further research that are only little explored at present.

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“…Similar to the study by Mobius and Rosenblat (2006), in some experimental studies with economic games in which participants were asked to estimate the future cooperation of attractive players, the existence of a positive stereotype was confirmed (e.g., Mulford et al 1998;Wilson & Eckel 2006; but see Muñoz-Reyes et al [2014], in which participants had a right expectation about the uncooperative behavior of attractive players). No study, however, has provided evidence that the attractiveness stereotype is causally related to the preferential treatment of attractive people (see also Langlois et al [2000], who concluded that stereotype-based theories are largely unproven explanations of the attractiveness effects).…”

Section: Evidence In Favor or Against Different Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Moving forward with interdisciplinary research on attractiveness-related biases

2017

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In our response, we review and address the comments on our target article made in the 25 commentaries. First, we review and discuss the commentaries that recognized the value of our approach, accepted the main premises and conclusions of our target article, and suggested further avenues for research on attractiveness-related biases. We then respond to commentators who either misinterpreted some parts of our target article or made statements with which we disagree. These commentaries provided us with an opportunity to clarify some aspects of our target article, for example, the fact that we address both the functional significance of attractiveness-related biases and their underlying mechanisms. We provide a rebuttal to two commentaries, in which we are accused of poor scholarship. We conclude our response by addressing two commentaries that discussed the societal implications of the occurrence of attractiveness-related biases in the labor market by briefly discussing the relationship between scientific research and social policy.

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Who is the fairest of them all? The independent effect of attractive features and self-perceived attractiveness on cooperation among women

Abstract: Who is the fairest of them all? The independent effect of attractive features and self-perceived attractiveness on cooperation among women J. A. MUÑOZ-REYES

Cited by 24 publications

References 78 publications

The Male Warrior Hypothesis: Testosterone-related Cooperation and Aggression in the Context of Intergroup Conflict

The Male Warrior Hypothesis: Testosterone-related Cooperation and Aggression in the Context of Intergroup Conflict

Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

Moving forward with interdisciplinary research on attractiveness-related biases

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