Whole blood glucose analysis based on smartphone camera module

Abstract

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors have received great attention for their high efficiency in biological applications. The present work describes a CMOS image sensor-based whole blood glucose monitoring system through a point-of-care (POC) approach. A simple poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) chip was developed to carry out the enzyme kinetic reaction at various concentrations (110–586 mg∕dL) of mouse blood glucose. In this technique, assay reagent is immobilized onto amine functionalized silica (AFSiO2) nanoparticles as an electrostatic attraction in order to achieve glucose oxidation on the chip. The assay reagent immobilized AFSiO2 nanoparticles develop a semi-transparent reaction platform, which is technically a suitable chip to analyze by a camera module. The oxidized glucose then produces a green color according to the glucose concentration and is analyzed by the camera module as a photon detection technique; the photon number decreases when the glucose concentration increases. The combination of these components, the CMOS image sensor and enzyme immobilized PET film chip, constitute a compact, accurate, inexpensive, precise, digital, highly sensitive, specific, and optical glucose-sensing approach for POC diagnosis.

Smartphone‐based clinical diagnostics: towards democratization of evidence‐based health care

“…The high demand and relevancy of routine chemistry tests in body fluids have led to the development of many smartphone‐based diagnostic tools. For instance, several devices were designed to rapidly measure the levels of glucose in whole blood, serum and urine samples using microfluidic chips and smartphone‐based colorimetric readers . Similarly, the concentration of lactate in oral fluids and sweat samples have been measured via HRP‐induced colorimetric and chemiluminescent reactions coupled to smartphones , as well as sensitive measurements of pH and Na + ions in sweat and saliva samples (Fig.…”

Wireless and mobile optical chemical sensors and biosensors

“…As mentioned in the Introduction, wearable sensors have early been identified as a major application area of wireless chemical sensors (Diamond et al 2008). In recent years, wearable (bio)chemical sensors have become very popular because they enable real-time and noninvasive monitoring of a multitude of healthcareand fitness-associated analytes (Bandodkar andMatzeu, Florea, andDiamond 2015).…”

“…In a radio-based wireless optical chemical sensor, the optical signal generated by the interaction of the analyte and receptor chemistry is converted to an electrical signal by the detector and is then passed to a remote wireless receiver or network where the data can be analysed in more detail ( Figure 1A). Wearable chemical sensing is becoming a key application area for wireless chemical sensors (Diamond et al 2008) and has been the research focus of analytical chemists for many years. Several review papers have been published on electrochemical wearable sensors (Windmiller and Wang 2013, Bandodkar and Wang 2014, Steinberg, Kassal, and Steinberg 2016, and Malon Radha, Heng Lee, and Córcoles Emma 2017, but no similar review has yet been undertaken on optical wearable sensors.…”

Design, fabrication, and feasibility analysis of a colorimetric detection system with a smartphone for self-monitoring blood glucose

“…To simplify the complex operation, smartphones have been used in several studies to detect the concentration of whole blood glucose. [19][20][21][22] However, in these experiments, the measurement of the concentration of blood glucose was time consuming. Therefore, the development of a portable device with simple procedure is of high significance for regular SMBG.…”