“…In amniotes, environmental differences experienced by the mother (i.e., nongenetic maternal effects; see Roff, 1998) may result in considerable and permanent differences in the offspring's physiology, morphology, and behavior (Ensminger, Langkilde, Owen, MacLeod, & Sheriff, 2018;Gosling, 2008;Munch et al, 2018;RĂ€sĂ€nen & Kruuk, 2007). Although several studies suggest that maternal effects could drive the emergence of behavioral consistency (Ghio, Leblanc, Audet, & Aubin-Horth, 2016;Langenhof & Komdeur, 2018;McCormick, 2006;Reddon, 2012;Rokka, Pihlaja, Siitari, & Soulsbury, 2014), data on this topic are rather contradictory (Arnaud et al, 2017;Hinde et al, 2015;Petelle, Dang, & Blumstein, 2017;Ruuskanen, 2018). Provision to the egg can be seen as a specific dimension of maternal effects (Deeming & Ferguson, 1991;Stewart & Ecay, 2010), as in oviparous vertebrates, such as many reptiles, trace nutrients (vitamins and minerals) must be deposited into the yolk during oogenesis (Deeming & Ferguson, 1991).…”