Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture

Bodwitch, Hekia; Polson, Michael; Biber, Eric; Hickey, Gordon M.; Butsic, Van

doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.05.006

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Additionally, hemp seed is consumed as a food supplement due to high amount of proteins and beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (Callaway, 2004). Due to increasing market demand, cannabis agriculture has grown rapidly in the last decade, with increasing reports of negative impacts to plant cultivation, identified by local farmers and processors (Jerushalmi et al ., 2020; Bodwitch et al ., 2021). Pest and fungal attacks are one of the major problems for C. sativa production (Wang, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chitin and chitosan on root growth, biochemical defense response and exudate proteome ofCannabis sativa

Suwanchaikasem

Nie

Idnurm

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fungal pathogens pose a major threat toCannabis sativaproduction, requiring safe and effective management procedures to control disease. Chitin and chitosan are natural molecules that elicit plant defense responses. Investigation of their effects onC. sativawill advance understanding of plant responses towards elicitors and provide a potential pathway to enhance plant resistance against diseases. Plants were grown in thein vitroRoot-TRAPR system and treated with colloidal chitin and chitosan. Plant morphology was monitored, then plant tissues and exudates were collected for enzymatic activity assays, phytohormone quantification, qPCR analysis and proteomics profiling. Chitosan treatments showed increased total chitinase activity and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by 3-5 times in the root tissues. In the exudates, total peroxidase and chitinase activities and levels of defense proteins such as PR protein 1 and endochitinase 2 were increased. Shoot development was unaffected, but root development was inhibited after chitosan exposure. No significant effects on plant defense were observed upon chitin treatment. These results indicate that colloidal chitosan significantly promoted production and secretion of plant defense proteins inC. sativaroot system and could be used as a potential elicitor, particularly in hydroponic scenarios to manage crop diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chitin and chitosan on root growth, biochemical defense response and exudate proteome ofCannabis sativa

Suwanchaikasem

Nie

Idnurm

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Here, we identify potential strategies to limit dry season demands in the dry season and mitigate environmental risks, including efforts to transition unpermitted farms to the legal market and those to enhance storage capacity on both permitted and unpermitted forms. Small, unpermitted cannabis farmers have reported that their decision to remain in the illicit industry is related to high compliance costs and competition from much larger operations, rather than avoidance of environmental regulations (Bodwitch et al 2021). Thus, programs that incentivize expanded off-stream storage capacity in order to limit potential environmental impacts may be most effective in the short-term and are likely to be wellreceived by unpermitted and permitted growers alike.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water demands of permitted and unpermitted cannabis cultivation in Northern California

Dillis

Butsic²,

Georgakakos³

et al. 2023

Environ. Res. Commun.

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Illicit water use for irrigated agriculture can have substantial impacts on the environment and complicates water management decision-making. Water demand for illicit cannabis farming in California has long been considered a threat to watershed health, yet an accounting of cannabis irrigation has remained elusive, thereby impeding effective water policy for the state’s nascent legal cannabis industry. Using data obtained from both permitted and unpermitted cultivation operations, the current study applies novel water-use models to cannabis farms in Northern California to estimate their cumulative and relative water footprints. Our results indicated substantial variation in total water extraction volumes for cannabis farming between watersheds and that most cannabis water use was concentrated in a subset of watersheds, rather than evenly spread across the landscape. Water extraction volumes for unpermitted cannabis were consistently greater than permitted cannabis in the dry season, when streams are most vulnerable to impacts from water diversions. Results from scenario modeling exercises indicated that if all existing unpermitted farms were to become permitted and comply with regulations that prohibit surface water diversions in the dry season, nearly one third (34 of 115) of the study watersheds would experience a 50% reduction in dry season water extraction. In comparison, modest expansion of off-stream storage by all cannabis farms could reduce dry season extraction by 50% or greater in more than three quarters (96 of 115) of study watersheds. Combining diversion limits with enhanced storage could achieve dry season extraction reductions of 50% or greater in 100 of 115 watersheds. Our findings suggest that efforts to address the environmental impacts of unpermitted cultivation should focus on watersheds with greatest water demands and that programs that support expansion of off-stream storage can be helpful for reducing pressures on the environment and facilitating the transition of unpermitted farms to the regulated market.

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“…Experience affects success, including in trying to decide to use capital sources, and, this experience influences decisions on livestock [21]. Every decision made is expected to be based on experience, whether it is your own experience or of others' [22].…”

Section: Farmer Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empowerment Model for Traditional Pitalah Duck Farmers in Riau Province-Indonesia

Basriwijaya¹,

Sunarti²,

Ekowati³

et al. 2022

ujar

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The purpose of this research is to create a model to enable traditional duck farmers to increase their income. The data in this study consisted of primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire about farmer's attitude toward livestock business and income of the business of Pitalah ducks. Secondary data were collected from libraries and official sources related to the research. Respondents were 180 Pitalah duck breeders from 7 sub-districts. The research data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression after a Classic Assumption Test was performed to meet the criteria of BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimator). The lowest revenue received from the business is Rp.10,647,082 while the highest revenue received is Rp. 24,852,811. This range of revenue is due to differences in the revenue received from the sale of eggs (including those consumed) and the final value they have. Real revenue is received from selling Pitalah Duck's eggs. The results of the regression analysis showed that X1 (knowledge) and X2 (attitude) did not affect the level of income. The value of X3 affected the level of income because of the efforts to increase the income of the farmers, to select the seeds produced, to provide feed and drink, to be responsive whenever there is sick cattle, and to accept new technology in order to increase the income of farmers.

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Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture

Cited by 23 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of chitin and chitosan on root growth, biochemical defense response and exudate proteome ofCannabis sativa

Effects of chitin and chitosan on root growth, biochemical defense response and exudate proteome ofCannabis sativa

Water demands of permitted and unpermitted cannabis cultivation in Northern California

An Empowerment Model for Traditional Pitalah Duck Farmers in Riau Province-Indonesia

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