Why Don’t You Answer Me?! Exploring the Effects of (Repeated Exposure to) Ostracism via Messengers on Users’ Fundamental Needs, Well-Being, and Coping Motivation

First aid in the pocket: The psychosocial benefits of smartphones in self-threatening situations

“…Hence, it would be worthwhile to examine if these needs can be restored via (symbolic) smartphone devices as well. At the same time, it is important to keep in mind that the same mobile devices may not only represent what fortifies thwarted needs but also what ails them, for instance, by eliciting social pressure to be available (e.g., Halfmann & Rieger, 2019), getting ostracized (e.g., Lutz, 2022), or provoking stress and anxiety (e.g., Elhai et al, 2016;Elhai et al, 2017).…”

“…The ubiquity of smartphones has many cognitive and affective implications (Katz, 2006;Ross & Campbell, 2021) and can be detrimental to users' well-being (e.g., Elhai et al, 2017;LaRose et al, 2014;Reinecke et al, 2017;Rotondi et al, 2017). For instance, people experience social pressures to be permanently available (e.g., Halfmann & Rieger, 2019;Ling, 2012;Lutz et al, 2020;Thomée et al, 2011), feel obliged to respond immediately to messages (e.g., Mai et al, 2015), procrastinate (e.g., Meier, 2022;Schnauber-Stockmann et al, 2018), fear missing out on something (e.g., Elhai et al, 2016) or feel ignored and excluded by others (e.g., Büttner & Rudert, 2021;Hales et al, 2018;Lutz, 2022). However, mobile phones may also benefit users' feeling of safety and connectedness by allowing emergency phone calls, anytime and anywhere (Kang & Jung, 2014;Katz, 2006;Ling, 2004).…”

Virtual work conditions impact negative work behaviors via ambiguity, anonymity, and (un)accountability: An integrative review.

“…Geographic separation from the victim creates a sense of anonymity and a perception that behaviors such as posting cyber-hate on online blogs or cyber-smearing on social media are victimless (Wall, 2005). Virtual environments also provide perpetrators with novel venues to ostracize others, such as "(dis)likes" on social media (Hayes et al, 2018), untimely responses on WhatsApp (Lutz, 2023), text messages (A. Smith & Williams, 2004), and ignoring someone in the comment sections on social media (R. Smith et al, 2017).…”

Exploring social exclusion: Where we are and where We're going

“…Though no direct replications of these diary data have been published to our knowledge (but see Lutz, 2022), many published studies have examined social exclusion via social media platforms. Interactions via social media, whether they be leaving comments on someone's post or simply providing a symbolic social gesture such as sharing it or giving it a "like" can be experienced as a form of social inclusion.…”

“…Interactions via social media, whether they be leaving comments on someone's post or simply providing a symbolic social gesture such as sharing it or giving it a “like” can be experienced as a form of social inclusion. Likewise, a perceived lack of interaction can make an individual feel excluded, such as when they do not receive the desired social feedback on their posts or replies to their messages (Hayes et al., 2018; Lutz, 2022; Reich et al., 2018; Wolf et al., 2014). Exclusion via social media can become more than simply not reacting to someone's post.…”