Why is Internet of Autonomous Vehicles not as Plug and Play as We Think ? Lessons to Be Learnt From Present Internet and Future Directions

Abstract

The recent race for autonomous or 'driverless' vehicles, has spawned a lot of research in the area of Internet of Autonomous Vehicles (IAVs). With the advent of the latest technology fueled by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) can now determine the best possible route to a destination based on the current traffic situation and take dynamic driving decisions accordingly, while preventing accidents. Field trials for single autonomous vehicles have been largely successful. However, as more autonomous vehicles will be added to the intelligent transport networks, current research is now centered around their synergistic coexistence in the offering of network-centric and user-centric services. This development is governed by borrowing several concepts from the legacy Internet to address the problems of IAVs. In this paper, we present an extensive overview of the research challenges in the IAVs. Moreover, our contributions in this paper are that (i) We show how the network-oriented cooperative client-server model will give way to a more unorthodox and 'selfish' decentralized and peer-to-peer (P2P) model, for example in the offering of navigation services on the IAV. (ii) We discuss how centralized architecture will give way to more distributed architectures for real-time information propagation over the IAV. (iii) We discuss how network-centric policies will begin to shift to user-centric under more beneficial revenue models by offering network-assisted quality of service (QoS) provisioning. (iv) We discuss in detail how vehicle traffic grooming in the IAV would present as much of a challenge as in the legacy Internet. (v) We discuss the disruptive role of value-added services on the IAV, and (iv) Finally, we discuss the problem of cyber threats in the IAV just as in the legacy Internet.

IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture: A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends

“…Future smart agriculture machinery like drones will frequently be having flights covering huge areas, and real-time communication with such drones/UAVs could only be with the help of cellular networks [11]. Newer cellular technologies such as 4G LTE, 5G, and B5G are not only facilitating large communication ranges but also permit large data transmission capability, which will be suitable for applications like realtime video transmission from agriculture drones [12,104]. Another alternative benefit of using the cellular technologies is to create an Internet Gateway as these systems have connectivity to packet data networks as their core.…”

“…It was suggested by the authors [57] that LoRa and ZigBee wireless technologies are most suitable for SAS because of their low latency and power consumption, easy implementation, smaller size, simplicity, scalability, and most importantly, the communication range (typically small for ZigBee and long for LoRa). Although, as discussed that 5G and B5G technologies [104] with low latency, large communication ranges, high data transmission capabilities that allow real-time video transmission using UAVs/drones will dominate future SAS with higher reliability.…”

“…In the future, most of the farming equipment will be selfdriven, like smart cars [104]. These include smart farming tractors and UAVs using computer vision technologies to manage everything from sowing, irrigations, fertilizer application, weed removal, herbicides applications, and pest detection.…”

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges

“…Technological developments and automation in vehicular networks will lead to better road safety and lower congestion in present urban areas where the traditional transport system is becoming increasingly disorganised and inefficient [1]. Therefore, the development of the intelligent transport systems (ITS) concept has been proposed, with the aim and focus on improving traffic safety and providing different services to its users [2,3]. There has been considerable research in ITS resulting in significant contributions (see [4] and references therein).…”

On Minimum Parking Space Required by Automatic Parallel Parking

“…That is to say, the existing parking slots provided in cities are usually larger than the vehicle demand in theory. With the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), the future fully-automatic intelligent vehicles can obtain more detailed and accurate information of parking slot and surrounding obstacle from the road-side units (RSU) [ 8 , 9 ], and with the assistance of more advanced radar and video detection technology, the accuracy of parking space detection and distance measurement will be effectively improved [ 10 ]. Besides, the accuracy of future fully-automatic intelligent vehicles in terms of trajectory tracking and control will be much more precise than the traditional manually driven vehicles or semi-autonomous vehicles [ 11 ].…”