Widespread Presence of Domestic Dogs on Sandy Beaches of Southern Chile

Cortés, Esteban I; Navedo, Juan G.; Silva‐Rodríguez, Eduardo A.

doi:10.3390/ani11010161

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Worryingly, RNA sequencing has shown signs of early adaptation of the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade virus to wild mammals (Vreman et al 2023) and humans (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2023), fueling the fears of a new human pandemic (Kupferschmidt 2023). In addition, recent reports of a dog and two cats dying from H5N1 after contact with dead birds in North America (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2023) rises the potential of wildlife to dog transmission in South American countries like Chile, where a high population of dogs (both owned and stray) occurs on the coast (Cortés et al 2021). Even more, two cases of zoonotic avian influenza have recently been reported in South America (Ecuador and Chile), with the Chilean case being of special concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Soto‐Azat

Alvarado‐Rybak²,

Aguilera

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (hereafter H5N1) is causing vast impacts on biodiversity and poultry around the globe. In Chile it was first reported on December 7th, 2022, in a pelican (Pelecanus thagus) found dead in the northern city of Arica. In the following months, lethal H5N1 cases were reported in a wide range of wild bird species, marine mammals, backyard and industrial poultry, and in a human. Despite its high impact and spread, it is not well-known what environmental factors are associated with outbreaks. This study describes the spatio-temporal patterns of the current epizootic of H5N1 in Chile and test ecological and anthropogenic drivers that could be associated with outbreak occurrence. We used H5N1 cases reported by the Chilean national animal health authority to the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) from December 9th, 2022, to March 3rd, 2023. These included bird cases confirmed through avian influenza specific real-time PCR assay (qPCR), obtained from passive and active surveillance. Data was analyzed to detect the presence of H5N1 clusters under space-time permutation probability modelling, H5N1 association between distance and days since first outbreak through linear regression, and correlation between H5N1 presence with a range of ecological and anthropogenic variables by general linear modelling. From the 197 H5N1 identified outbreaks, involving 478 individual cases among wild and domestic birds, a wave-like steady spread of H5N1 from north to south was identified, that can help predict hotspots of outbreak risk and establish targeted preventive measures. For instance, 14 statistically significant clusters were identified, with the largest located in central Chile (18-29 km in radius) where poultry production is concentrated. Also, one of the clusters was identified in Tocopilla, location where the H5N1 human case occurred time later. In addition, the presence of H5N1 outbreaks was positively correlated with bird richness, human footprint, precipitation of the wettest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and mean diurnal temperature. In contrast, presence of H5N1 was negatively correlated to distance to the closest urban center, precipitation seasonality and isothermality. Preventive actions based on our modeling approach include developing wildlife surveillance diagnostic capabilities in Chilean regions concentrating outbreaks. It is urgent that scientists, the poultry sector, local communities and national health authorities co-design and implement science-based measures from a One Health perspective to avoid further H5N1 spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, including rapid removal and proper disposal of wild dead animals, and the closure of public areas (i.e., beaches) reporting high wildlife mortalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Soto‐Azat

Alvarado‐Rybak²,

Aguilera

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Nonetheless, the clear effect of disturbances on foraging Godwits suggests the need for real protective measures. Reducing the numbers of humans and dogs on tidal mudflats, in particular, would increase foraging success rates by reducing nonlethal effects (Navedo et al 2019, Cort es et al 2021. Although the movements of Godwits among sites on the island are poorly understood, targeting areas of high prey abundanceas indicated by Godwit foraging success rateswithout restricting the use of tidal mudflats with lower prey abundance, could benefit Godwits while minimizing the socio-economic effects for residents (Weston et al 2012, Stigner et al 2016.…”

Section: Alertness and Agitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overlap in space and time with perceived or actual threats from human activity or predators can influence the abundance, behaviour, distribution and condition of individual migrants (Goss-Custard et al 2020, Hope et al 2020. Migratory shorebirds often reduce risk by being vigilant, assembling in large groups (Cresswell 1994a, Bednekoff & Lima 1998 or avoiding risky areas, such as those frequented by predators (Pomeroy 2006, Yasu e 2006, humans (Frid & Dill 2002) or dogs (Burger et al 2007, Cort es et al 2021. Predators not only threaten survival but also can displace individuals and reduce the amount of time spent foraging by increasing scanning for predators (Yasu e 2005, Burger et al 2007, Alves et al 2013, Schlacher et al 2014, thereby impacting body condition (Goss-Custard et al 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived risks and rewards of foraging sites strongly affect density and condition of non‐breeding Hudsonian Godwits

Swift

Rodewald

Macdonald

et al. 2023

Ibis

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Patchily distributed resources require individuals to balance risks and rewards associated with foraging sites that vary widely in quality, as determined by factors such as food availability, disturbance rates and predation risk. These trade‐offs may be especially acute for migratory species during the non‐breeding season when they must access high‐quality resources to recover from and prepare for migration. We assessed how density and body condition of non‐breeding Hudsonian Godwits Limosa haemastica, acting as proxies for foraging site quality, were related to foraging success, availability of intertidal foraging habitat, landscape and bay characteristics, human disturbances and predation risk at 42 intertidal mudflats in southern Chile. Godwit density and body condition increased with availability of foraging habitat and foraging success, except on mudflats where individuals were more alert and agitated (i.e. higher scanning rates and more displacement flights). In contrast, body condition and density of foraging Godwits were lower at sites with high levels of perceived disturbance. Our findings suggest that the non‐lethal effects of disturbances (i.e. perceived risks) may affect behaviour (e.g. scanning rates and displacement flights) in ways that can compromise refuelling rates, body condition and performance across seasons. Thus, efforts to reduce disturbances to individuals foraging on tidal mudflats may be important to conserve migratory shorebirds, a guild undergoing severe population declines.

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“…Recently, Saavedra-Aracena et al demonstrated that the dog–owner bond, particularly the exploration behavior in the absence of the owner, explained further roaming [ 23 ]. Research on the human–dog link determined that free-ranging dogs tend to follow persons other than their owners [ 29 , 30 ]. Therefore, might tourists, who target green destinations, specifically attract dogs to nature?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Tourists Facilitators of the Movement of Free-Ranging Dogs?

Schüttler

Jiménez

2022

Animals

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Dogs are the most abundant carnivores on earth and, as such, negatively impact wildlife. Free-ranging dogs roam in many protected areas, which in turn are often tourist destinations. Whether tourists influence their roaming is largely unexplored but highly relevant to wildlife conservation. To address this question, we obtained (i) 81 completed questionnaires from tourists on their experience with free-ranging dogs in the remote Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile, and (ii) photographs of three camera-traps placed next to trekking trails (n = 87 trap days). A third of the participants were followed by dogs for up to four days, and 39% saw free-ranging dogs on their hikes, but neither feeding dogs nor fear of them had any influence on whether tourists were followed by dogs. Camera-traps yielded 53 independent dog sequences, recorded 32 individuals plus 14 unidentified dogs, of which only one was leashed, with a frequency of one dog every 28th person. In 17% of 53 sequences, dogs were photographed together with hikers carrying large backpacks for several-day trips. We conclude that tourists are facilitators for the movement of dogs and highlight the importance of the engagement of the tourism sector in wildlife conservation in and close to protected areas.

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Widespread Presence of Domestic Dogs on Sandy Beaches of Southern Chile

Cited by 17 publications

References 60 publications

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

Perceived risks and rewards of foraging sites strongly affect density and condition of non‐breeding Hudsonian Godwits

Are Tourists Facilitators of the Movement of Free-Ranging Dogs?

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